An anticalculus dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate and stannous fluoride: a six-month study of efficacy.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2007;8(5):1-8

Authors: Winston JL, Fiedler SK, Schiff T, Baker R

AIM: To compare the anticalculus efficacy of an experimental dentifrice (0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate) with a negative control. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was a randomized, examiner-blind, parallel group study. After a three-month run-in, qualifying subjects were randomized to the experimental or control dentifrice to use twice a day for six months. Volpe-Manhold Index (V-MI) and oral soft tissue examinations were conducted at baseline, three, and six months. Additional analyses were performed separately at three and six months on three subgroups categorized into high, medium, and low calculus-forming subjects. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the experimental dentifrice group had a mean calculus score statistically significantly lower at both three months (50%) and six months (55%) post-treatment (p<0.001). Compared to control scores, mean experimental dentifrice calculus scores at three and six months were statistically significantly lower at both points in time for high, medium, and low calculus forming sub-groups (p<0.001). Both products were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The experimental dentifrice revealed significant anticalculus efficacy compared to the control regardless of levels of baseline calculus formation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice technology is an effective calculus inhibitor for home care.

PMID: 17618324 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2006 Dec;137(12):1649-57

Authors: Gunsolley JC

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The author conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the efficacy of antigingivitis and antiplaque products in six-month trials. He searched electronic databases for six-month randomized clinical studies that evaluated both antiplaque and antigingivitis properties of dentifrices or mouthrinses. In addition, the author solicited unpublished studies from manufacturers. RESULTS: Seventeen studies support the antiplaque, antigingivitis effects of dentifrices containing 0.30 percent triclosan, 2.0 percent Gantrez copolymer. There was no evidence of efficacy for triclosan products containing either soluble pyrophosphate or zinc citrate. Dentifrices with stannous fluoride had statistically significant, but marginally clinically significant, evidence of an antiplaque effect; however, there was both a statistically and clinically significant antigingivitis effect. The largest body of studies (21 studies) supported the efficacy of mouthrinses with essential oils. A smaller body of studies (seven) supported a strong antiplaque, antigingivitis effect of mouthrinses with 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Results for mouthrinses with cetylpyridinium chloride varied and depended on the product's formula. CONCLUSIONS: The studies in this systematic review provide strong evidence of the antiplaque, antigingivitis effects of multiple agents. These results support the use of these agents as part of a typical oral hygiene regimen.

PMID: 17138709 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A 24-hour dental plaque prevention study with a stannous fluoride dentifrice containing hexametaphosphate.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006 Jul 1;7(3):1-11

Authors: White DJ, Kozak KM, Gibb R, Dunavent J, Klukowska M, Sagel PA

Recently, a novel antibacterial fluoride dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate (CrestPRO-HEALTH) was introduced. A digital plaque image analysis (DPIA) technique was used to quantify in situ plaque formation in a population carrying out a phased intervention protocol that included: (1) an initial treatment regimen including toothbrushing with standard sodium fluoride dentifrice in conventional bid brushing, (2) a second treatment regimen where a modified hygiene regimen was applied using standard sodium fluoride dentifrice including a period of 24 hours of non-brushing, and (3) a third treatment regimen where the 24-hour non-brushing regimen was continued using the antimicrobial stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. The quantitative evaluation of plaque formation was assessed in morning measurements following either standard evening hygiene (treatment period 1) or 24 hours since brushing (treatment periods 2 and 3). Post-brushing plaque measurements were also taken in each treatment regimen. Sixteen subjects completed all three treatment regimens with no side effects or oral complaints. Morning plaque coverage in treatment period 1 was 13.3%. Plaque coverage significantly increased in treatment period 2 when pre-bedtime brushing was discontinued, with 24-hour growth covering 18.4% of the dentition. Intervention of the antimicrobial stannous fluoride/hexametaphosphate dentifrice in treatment period 3 provided significant inhibition of plaque regrowth over 24 hours (15.2% coverage, a 17% reduction vs. sodium fluoride dentifrice control). These results support the strong retention and lasting antimicrobial efficacy of high stabilized stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrices.

PMID: 16820802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy and safety of a novel stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006 May 1;7(2):1-8

Authors: Schiff T, He T, Sagel L, Baker R

PURPOSE: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common complaint among dental patients. Recently, a novel 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was introduced that offers a desensitizing benefit. This trial was conducted to assess the desensitizing efficacy of this new dentifrice relative to a sodium fluoride control dentifrice. METHODS AND MATERIAL: This was a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted according to the American Dental Association (ADA) Guidelines for the Acceptance of Products for the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Ninety subjects who met the entrance criteria were stratified based on age, gender, and baseline sensitivity scores and randomly assigned to either the stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice (Crest Pro-Health) or the sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for eight weeks. Efficacy assessments were made, including tactile (Yeaple probe) and thermal (Schiff Air Index) sensitivity, and an oral soft tissue examination was conducted at baseline, week four, and week eight. RESULTS: The mean sensitivity score based on the Schiff Air Index for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had an adjusted mean 44% lower than that of the control group. The mean tactile sensitivity score for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly higher, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had a mean desensitizing improvement of 71% greater than the control. CONCLUSION: The stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity at four and eight weeks compared to the sodium fluoride control dentifrice.

PMID: 16685289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The radiopharmaceutical chemistry of 99mTc-tin fluoride colloid-labeled-leukocytes.

Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005 Dec;49(4):319-24

Authors: Tsopelas C

Tc-99m-tin fluoride colloid is a radiotracer used to label patient white cells, for the diagnosis of infection and inflammation. The scintigraphic technique has been employed in routine clinical practice for approximately 20 years in Australia, yet the chemistry of the radiolabeling agent, and the physiological distribution of (99m)Tc-leukocytes, are not entirely understood. In this review, the physico-chemical characteristics of (99m)Tc-tin fluoride colloid are discussed, as well as the in vitro and in vivo distribution of (99m)Tc-tin fluoride-labeled-leukocytes. Furthermore, important animal and human studies are summarized, that emphasize the clinical usefulness of this radiopharmaceutical tracer in nuclear medicine today.

PMID: 16407815 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A prospective, randomized clinical study on the effects of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and initial caries lesion development in orthodontic patients.

Eur J Orthod. 2006 Feb;28(1):8-12

Authors: &#xD8;gaard B, Alm AA, Larsson E, Adolfsson U

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of combined use of a toothpaste/mouthrinse containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2; meridol) on the development of white spot lesions, plaque, and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 115 orthodontic patients (42 males and 73 females, average age 14.4 years, drop outs 18) was designed. Group A (50) brushed twice daily with an AmF/SnF2 toothpaste (1400 ppm F) and rinsed every evening with an AmF/SnF2 solution (250 ppm F). Group B (47) brushed twice daily with a sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste (1400 ppm F) and rinsed every evening with a NaF solution (250 ppm F). Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and white spot lesion index (WSL) were recorded on the six maxillary anterior teeth at bonding and after debonding, and evaluated with t tests. In group A no significant differences between bonding and debonding were recorded for WSL (1.02 +/- 0.08 versus 1.05 +/- 0.13, P = 0.14), VPI (0.10 +/- 0.21 versus 0.12 +/- 0.21, P = 0.66) or GBI (0.13 +/- 0.21 versus 0.16 +/- 0.22, P = 0.47), whereas statistically significant differences were found in group B between bonding and debonding for WSL (1.00 +/- 0.02 versus 1.08 +/- 0.17, P = 0.01), VPI (0.06 +/- 0.13 versus 0.17 +/- 0.25, P = 0.01) and GBI (0.06 +/- 0.12 versus 0.16 +/- 0.21, P = 0.01). The increase in lesions on the upper anterior teeth was 4.3 per cent in group A and 7.2 per cent in group B. It was concluded that the combined use of an AmF/SnF2 toothpaste/mouthrinse had a slightly more inhibitory effect on white spot lesion development, plaque and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth during fixed orthodontic treatment compared with NaF.

PMID: 16230329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Corrosion resistance of three orthodontic brackets: a comparative study of three fluoride mouthwashes.

Eur J Orthod. 2005 Dec;27(6):541-9

Authors: Schiff N, Dalard F, Lissac M, Morgon L, Grosgogeat B

In the present study, three types of orthodontic brackets were investigated: cobalt-chromium (CoCr), iron-chromium-nickel (FeCrNi) and titanium (Ti) based. Their corrosion resistance was compared with that of platinum (Pt), which was chosen as the reference material because of its excellent electrochemical properties. The test solutions were Elmex, Meridol and Acorea fluoride mouthwashes. Fusayama Meyer artificial saliva was used as the reference solution. The corrosion resistance of the different brackets in the three mouthwashes was assessed electrochemically to determine the corrosion potential and corrosion current density, and polarization resistance values were then calculated. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study and an analysis of released metal ions confirmed the electrochemical studies. The results showed that the bracket materials could be divided into two groups: Ti and FeCrNi in one, and CoCr, which has properties close to those of Pt, in the other. Similarly, two groups of electrolytes were identified: Elmex and Acorea mouthwashes in one group, and Meridol mouthwash in the second group. The results indicate that because of the risk of corrosion Meridol mouthwash should not be prescribed for patients wearing Ti or FeCrNi-based orthodontic brackets.

PMID: 16049037 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Dentinal hypersensitivity: a review.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 May 15;6(2):107-17

Authors: Walters PA

Dentinal hypersensitivity is generally reported by the patient after experiencing a sharp pain caused by one of several different stimuli. The pain response varies substantially from one person to another. The condition generally involves the facial surfaces of teeth near the cervical aspect and is very common in premolars and canines. The most widely accepted theory of how the pain occurs is Brannstrom's hydrodynamic theory, fluid movement within the dentinal tubules. The dental professional, using a variety of diagnostic techniques, will discern the condition from other conditions that may cause sensitive teeth. Treatment of the condition can be invasive or non-invasive in nature. The most inexpensive and efficacious first line of treatment for most patients is a dentifrice containing a desensitizing active ingredient such as potassium nitrate and/or stannous fluoride. This review will address the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. In addition the home care recommendations will focus on desensitizing dentifrices.

PMID: 15915210 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Increase in cariogenic bacteria after initial periodontal therapy.

J Dent Res. 2005 Jan;84(1):48-53

Authors: De Soete M, Dekeyser C, Pauwels M, Teughels W, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M

This study examined the hypothesis of an intra-oral shift, during initial periodontal therapy, from a periopathogenic to a cariogenic flora. Seventy-one patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment strategies: (1) scaling and root planing, quadrant by quadrant, at two-week intervals (NC); (2) full-mouth scaling and root planing within 24 hrs (FRP); or (3) full-mouth disinfection within 24 hrs, including antiseptics [chlorhexidine (CHX) or amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (F) for 2 mos, or CHX for 2 mos followed by F for 6 mos (CHX+F)]. At baseline and after 2, 4, and 8 mos, bacterial samples were taken from supra- and subgingival plaque, saliva, and tongue. The detection frequencies and relative proportions of Streptococcus mutans increased in the NC and FRP groups, but decreased in the F group. In the CHX group, these species disappeared temporarily, but they disappeared for the entire 8 mos in the CHX+F group. These observations were similar for all sample locations. The periopathogens decreased in all groups. This finding confirms the abovementioned hypothesis and indicates a need for caries prophylactic regimens.

PMID: 15615875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride-releasing elastomeric ligatures assessed with the in situ caries model.

Eur J Orthod. 2002 Aug;24(4):371-8

Authors: Doherty UB, Benson PE, Higham SM

The in situ caries model was used to assess the clinical benefit of fluoride-releasing elastomeric ligatures. The design of the experiment was a longitudinal, prospective, randomized, crossover clinical trial. Fourteen individuals starting orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were recruited. Three in situ enamel specimens, with preformed subsurface carious lesions, were prepared for each patient, from human premolars. Two were placed in customized holders and one was retained as a control specimen. A crossover design was used so that patients had two experimental periods of six weeks with either fluoridated or non-fluoridated elastomerics, and a washout between. Elastomerics were randomly allocated at the first visit and one enamel specimen was placed at the beginning and collected at the end of each experimental period. The specimens were sectioned and ground to 100 microns, and transverse microradiography was carried out. They were analysed using dedicated computer software. The outcome measure was the change in the parameters of the pre-formed carious lesion, expressed as mineral loss (delta Z), lesion depth (ld), lesion width (lw), and ratio (delta Z/ld) between the three specimens. The mean mineral loss (vol %.micron) for the control specimen was 403.7 (+/- 139.5), compared with 599.3 (+/- 515.4) for the non-fluoridated ligatures and 477.2 (+/- 298.4) for the fluoridated ligatures. A one-factor within subjects ANOVA showed no statistical difference between the groups (P = 0.376). Fluoride-releasing ligatures do not provide a significant anti-cariogenic benefit in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. This may be due to the short-term nature of the fluoride release. However, they might affect the local environment surrounding the bracket.

PMID: 12198867 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of amine and stannous fluoride on human neutrophil functions in vitro.

J Dent Res. 1997 Jul;76(7):1381-6

Authors: Shapira L, Schatzker Y, Gedalia I, Borinski R, Sela MN

Amine fluoride (AmF)- and stannous fluoride (SnF2)-containing products were found to have a therapeutic effect on gingivitis and periodontitis. This effect was suggested to correlate with the antibacterial activity of the fluoride compounds. However, their effect on inflammatory cell function can also play a role in the therapeutic effect on gingival inflammation. The present study was designed to test the effects of AmF, SnF2, and an AmF/SnF2 combination on the function of human peripheral blood neutrophils, as compared with effects of chlorhexidine and salicylic acid. Neutrophils were isolated from human blood by ficoll centrifugation followed by dextran sedimentation. The neutrophils were pre-incubated with AmF, SnF2, or AmF/SnF2, followed by stimulation with fMLP. Cell vitality was verified by trypan-blue exclusion (> 95% vitality at all tested concentrations). Superoxide production was measured by cytochrome C reduction and the enzymatic activity of lysozyme and beta-glucoronidase by optical density measurement of substrate conversion. The results showed that AmF, SnF2, or AmF/SnF2 enhanced by two- to three-fold the superoxide release from fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils. Furthermore, the effective concentration of the AmF/SnF2 combination was several-fold lower than that of AmF or SnF2 alone (10 nM for AmF, 0.5 microM for SnF2, and 3 pM for SnF2/AmF). On the other hand, chlorhexidine and salicylic acid were found to reduce superoxide production by the cells. All the tested compounds had no effect on granular enzyme release by the stimulated neutrophils. The results suggest that AmF and SnF2 enhance the oxygen-dependent antibacterial activity of neutrophils. This effect may contribute to a more efficient elimination of bacteria from the periodontal environment, resulting in improvement in gingival health.

PMID: 9207771 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Long-term effects of Meridol and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality.

J Dent Res. 1993 Aug;72(8):1194-7

Authors: Brecx M, Macdonald LL, Legary K, Cheang M, Forgay MG

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect on plaque growth and gingival response of Meridol, an amine/stannous fluoride solution, during a three-month investigation, with those of a placebo preparation as a negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as a positive control, in a double-blind study. After having their teeth professionally cleaned, 36 volunteers continued their usual oral hygiene for a period of two weeks. Their teeth were then polished again (month 0) after which they rinsed twice daily (morning and evening) with one of the three mouthrinses in addition to their habitual toothcleaning. After three months of rinsing, plaque indices remained lowest in the chlorhexidine group, although the subjects using Meridol had indices significantly lower than those of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. The gingival index scores in the Meridol group were higher than in the chlorhexidine group and lower than in the placebo group. The plaque vitality scores showed a bactericidal effect in vivo with chlorhexidine and Meridol during the entire experiment. The use of Meridol resulted in more toothstaining than with the placebo, but significantly less than with chlorhexidine. This study demonstrated that Meridol reduced plaque accumulation, retarded gingivitis development, possessed a definite bactericidal action, and produced only slight toothstaining.

PMID: 8360362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Preparation and evaluation of a 99mTc-SnF2 colloid kit for leukocyte labeling.

J Nucl Med. 1989 Jul;30(7):1257-63

Authors: Hirsch JI, Tatum JL, Fratkin MJ, Apostolides DL, Quint RI

Stannous fluoride colloid (SFC) kits for instant radiolabeling with 99mTc were prepared and evaluated for suitability as a leukocyte radiolabeling agent. Technetium-99m labeling for kits stored at -15 degrees C for up to 3 mo was greater than 95% as determined by instant thin layer chromatography while colloid particles of 1-3 microns were measured by electron microscope for these preparations. Canine leukocyte preparations labeled with [99mTc]SFC and characterized by triple density gradients of metrizamide in plasma demonstrated an 83% leukocyte association. Analysis of labeled cell preparation for up to 3 hr demonstrated label stability. Labeled leukocytes, when readministered in normal dogs, demonstrated bi-exponential blood clearance with uptake and subsequent clearance from lung. There was increasing uptake of labeled leukocytes by the liver until steady state was achieved. Furthermore, when whole blood samples were analyzed by the triple density gradient method, an increasing monocyte-to-granulocyte ratio was observed to occur with time. By 3 hr 95% of the whole blood activity was associated with the leukocyte fraction. Dogs in which a 24-hr sterile abscess was created demonstrated elevated blood-pool activity as compared to control with localization of the labeled cells at inflammatory sites within 3 hr following cell readministration.

PMID: 2738706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects on gingivitis of two different 0.4% SnF2 gels.

J Dent Res. 1988 Feb;67(2):503-7

Authors: Boyd RL, Leggott PJ, Robertson PB

For nine months we monitored the periodontal health of 81 adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, to determine whether daily use of a brush-on 0.4% SnF2 gel would be better than toothbrushing alone in maintaining periodontal health in these patients, and whether a gel supplying a high percentage of available Sn2+ ion would be more beneficial than a gel supplying a low percentage of available Sn2+ ion. The subjects were matched for age and sex and placed into a control group, which used toothbrushing alone, and two treatment groups, which used toothbrushing supplemented with daily use of a SnF2 gel. One treatment group used a gel with 98% available Sn2+ ion twice daily for the entire nine months. The other treatment group used a gel with less than 2% available Sn2+ once a day for six months, then twice a day for the remaining three months of the study. Clinical assessments (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Tendency, pocket depth, and coronal staining) were made before appliances were placed and at one, three, six, and nine months after appliances were placed. Results indicated that the group using the high-availability Sn2+ gel twice daily had significantly lower Gingival Index and Bleeding Tendency scores at the one-, three-, six-, and nine-month examinations than did the control group. The group using the low-availability Sn2+ gel showed no significant differences in these assessments from the control group. Neither treatment group showed significant differences from the control group in Plaque Index or pocket depth. In the group using the high-availability Sn2+ gel, one subject developed mild coronal staining, and two developed moderate staining.

PMID: 11039067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Intra-oral retention of fluoride by bovine enamel from amine fluoride toothpaste and 0.4% amine fluoride liquid application.

J Dent Res. 1988 Feb;67(2):491-5

Authors: Ten Cate JM, Exterkate RA, Rempt HE

The purpose of this study was to compare in vivo fluoride accumulation in enamel and in enamel lesions from a single topical fluoride application and daily toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice. Amine fluoride preparations were used for both products. Intra-oral appliances with bovine enamel specimens were worn by volunteers during a period of seven weeks. After this period, the specimens were analyzed for fluoride uptake and change in demineralization susceptibility. The results demonstrated that lesions had a high fluoride uptake capacity. Fluoride content values increased by 25-30 micrograms/cm2 during a single topical application, as compared with 10-15 micrograms/cm2 during seven weeks of toothbrushing. About half the fluoride acquired as a result of topical treatment was lost during subsequent exposure to the oral fluids when no further fluoride supplementation was given. The uptake of fluoride by sound enamel was comparatively small, regardless of the use of fluoride dentifrice or application. The presence of mature plaque at the time of fluoride application did not affect the amounts of fluoride delivered. Acid susceptibility tests showed that the enamel solubility exhibited a negative correlation with fluoride content of the specimens.

PMID: 11039064 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

An in vivo study of microhardness and fluoride uptake in partially demineralized human enamel covered by plaque.

J Dent Res. 1988 Feb;67(2):471-3

Authors: Reintsema H, Arends J

In this investigation, microhardness changes in partially demineralized human enamel were studied after in vivo use of fluoridated toothpaste systems. Flattened enamel specimens were demineralized in vitro and subsequently positioned in approximal positions in the prostheses of 27 participants for three weeks; the samples were plaque-covered in vivo. After brushing for one week with a non-fluoridated paste to achieve an in vivo equilibrium, participants brushed with an assigned product for a two-week period. This test was a six-way cross-over design which used randomization of subjects. Five fluoridated and one non-fluoridated paste were tested. Knoop hardness measurements were carried out on sound and on in vitro demineralized enamel, and after in vivo exposure of the enamel to the dentifrice treatments. The results showed that during the two weeks of in vivo exposure to the fluoride products, net rehardening of the demineralized enamel did not occur, and no correlation was observed between fluoride uptake into the demineralized enamel and changes in microhardness. That we failed to observe rehardening may be due to the fact that the duration of this study was too short for any net remineralization to have occurred, especially because the samples were constantly covered with plaque. Other possibilities, such as the type and/or severity of the lesions used in this study, may account for the lack of rehardening.

PMID: 11039059 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of two fluoride gels on fluoride uptake and phosphorus loss during artificial caries formation.

J Dent Res. 1986 Aug;65(8):1084-6

Authors: Mellberg JR, Charig A, Deutchman M, O'Brien W, Lass A

Blocks of human enamel were cycled through a demineralization--F-treatment-remineralization procedure and then analyzed for fluoride and the presence of caries-like lesions. Treatments with a sodium fluoride gel (5000 ppm F) increased the enamel fluoride concentration to 6500 ppm F, whereas a stannous fluoride gel (1000 ppm F) increased enamel fluoride to about 1200 ppm F. Although a control treatment (water) allowed caries-like lesions to form, as observed by microradiography, no lesions were found in either of the fluoride-treated groups. When the experiment was repeated with radioactive teeth, mineral loss, as determined by release of 32P, was again greatest in the water-treated control group, but some loss was observed in the fluoride treatment groups. The least loss was found in the sodium fluoride group. It was concluded that the fluoride treatments not only increased enamel resistance but also enhanced remineralization so that calcium phosphate was replaced during the subsequent remineralization phase. Because of the probability that stannous ions were deposited during the stannous fluoride treatments, some of the apparent calcium phosphate re-deposition in this group was probably stannous compounds.

PMID: 3461024 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of fluoride on Treponema denticola.

Infect Immun. 1986 Jun;52(3):914-5

Authors: Hughes CA, Yotis WW

The effect of fluoride on the growth of Treponema denticola was studied. Fluoride, at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml, was found to suppress the growth of all three strains tested. Growth was completely inhibited by 40 micrograms of fluoride per ml.

PMID: 3710591 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

In vivo effects of a SnF2 gel on acid-softened enamel.

J Dent Res. 1986 May;65(5):698-702

Authors: Clark JW, Quiros A, Corpron RE, More FG, Kowalski CJ

The purpose of this investigation was to study the intra-oral rehardening of acid-softened enamel and fluoride uptake from SnF2 gel. Bovine enamel slabs were softened with 0.1 mol/L lactate buffer at pH 4.0 for 14 hrs and then mounted in a mandibular removable Hawley appliance. Control slabs were worn for 96 hrs by seven adult males whose teeth were brushed daily with a fluoride-free dentifrice. Test slabs were exposed once/day to 0.4% SnF2 gel. The gel was swabbed onto the slabs for one minute before being replaced in the mouth unrinsed. The natural dentition was brushed 4 X /day with a fluoride-free dentifrice. Microhardness testing was performed after intra-oral exposure (IOE) and after acid-resistance-testing (ART) following immersion in 0.01 mol/L lactate buffer for 24 hrs at pH of 4.0. Fluoride uptake was measured on separate controls, test slabs, and test slabs after ART, with 0.5 mol/L HClO4 etches of from 15 to 60 sec. The F content was measured with a F-ion-specific electrode and the phosphate content by spectrophotometry. Following IOE, microhardness recovery was 35.6% for control and 37.9% for test slabs, and control slabs retained 1.4% resistance to acid, as compared with 18.6% for the test slabs. The F content of control slabs was significantly less than that of SnF2-treated slabs from 5 to 60 micron in depth, and the F content of SnF2-treated slabs after ART was significantly less at depths of from 5 to 35 micron than that of SnF2-treated slabs not exposed to ART. Both control and SnF2 enamel slabs demonstrated rehardening after IOE, but only SnF2-treated enamel retained a significant fraction of that rehardening after ART.

PMID: 3457826 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Dental caries and staining after twenty-eight months of rinsing with stannous fluoride or sodium fluoride.

J Dent Res. 1986 Mar;65(3):424-7

Authors: Leverett DH, McHugh WD, Jensen OE

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of daily mouthrinsing with aqueous solutions of 0.05% NaF or 0.1% SnF2 on dental caries and tooth staining. The study population consisted of 437 children, aged from 12 to 15 years at baseline, residing in a non-fluoridated community. By stratified random sampling, the subjects were divided into two groups, one group rinsing daily under supervision for 28 months with the NaF solution and the other with the SnF2 solution. The SnF2 group exhibited four to five times as much extrinsic stain as did the NaF group, although the stains were quite mild and not explicitly distinguishable between groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of total DMFS. However, the increment of pit and fissure caries was 0.9 surfaces fewer for the SnF2 group (p = 0.04), while the increment of smooth surface caries was 0.6 surfaces fewer for the NaF group (p = 0.04). These data suggest that there may be a difference in mechanism of action between SnF2 and NaF rinses.

PMID: 3457047 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of highly concentrated stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine regimes on human dental plaque flora.

J Dent Res. 1986 Jan;65(1):57-61

Authors: Schaeken MJ, De Jong MH, Franken HC, Van der Hoeven JS

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an intensive antimicrobial treatment on the number of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus/Actinomyces naeslundii, and the total Colony-forming Units (CFU) in plaque. The dentition of human volunteers was treated in a dental office with either chlorhexidine (5%) or stannous fluoride (8%). Following the office treatment with chlorhexidine, selected volunteers rinsed daily at home for seven or 49 days with chlorhexidine solution (0.2%), while another group flossed daily at home for seven days with dental floss impregnated with chlorhexidine. On days one, seven, 21, 35, and 49 after the local applications, we took saliva samples and plaque samples from fissures, smooth surfaces, and approximal areas. Chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride suppressed S. mutans and the Actinomyces species on all surfaces and in saliva. S. mutans on tooth surfaces was suppressed for approximately seven days and returned to the baseline level at day 21. A. viscosus/naeslundii was suppressed for more than seven days on the teeth. S. sanguis and the total CFU returned to the baseline level within seven days on all surfaces and in saliva. Rinsing or flossing with chlorhexidine suppressed S. mutans during the period of time that these supplements were used. Brushing for seven days with chlorhexidine gel (1%) without a preceding intensive chlorhexidine treatment had virtually no effect on S. mutans in approximal areas and in saliva, but suppressed S. mutans in fissures and on smooth surfaces.

PMID: 3455699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Plasma fluoride levels in man following intake of SnF2 in solution or toothpaste.

J Dent Res. 1985 Oct;64(10):1250-2

Authors: Ellingsen JE, Ekstrand J

The degree and rate of fluoride absorption in five volunteers were studied after ingestion of SnF2 and NaF solutions or SnF2 toothpaste. The fluoride concentration in plasma was followed for eight hours. The relative bio-availability of fluoride was calculated and was similar for both the NaF and SnF2 solutions, although the latter solution showed a somewhat faster absorption rate. The bio-availability of fluoride from the SnF2 dentifrice was 85%.

PMID: 3861657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Dissolution studies of human enamel treated with aluminum solutions.

J Dent Res. 1985 Mar;64(3):437-40

Authors: Putt MS, Kleber CJ

Dissolution tests using human enamel were conducted after treatment with aqueous solutions of various aluminum (Al) salts. All Al compounds, except those which formed stable Al-complexes, greatly decreased enamel dissolution in a pH 4 acetate buffer. A comparison with fluoride compounds demonstrated that Al was equivalent to SnF2 and more effective than NaF and Na2PO3F. Furthermore, the reduction in enamel dissolution produced by Al persisted after more than three hr of successive demineralization, which was twice as long as that observed with a pH 4.5 SnF2 solution.

PMID: 3855895 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Technetium-99m labeling of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: preparation with two different stannous agents.

J Nucl Med. 1985 Jan;26(1):68-71

Authors: Kelbaek H, Fogh J

A technique for in vitro labeling of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with Tc-99m is described. Titration of stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate concentrations for pretinning was performed, and optimal amounts of the stannous agents were added to polymorphonuclear leukocytes efficiently isolated from 100 ml of blood. Labeling with 10-15 mCi Tc-99m resulted, after three washings of cell suspensions, in yields of 1.6-4.8 mCi, corresponding to 20.5-33.5% of added tracer. Cell-bound activity in the final cell suspensions was 92.3% +/- 1.9 of the added dose. Cell function was not impaired by the labeling technique. Sterility and exclusion of bacterial endotoxins in the final cell suspensions were demonstrated. The method may prove of diagnostic value in the isolation, labeling, and reinjection of autologous leukocytes for scintigraphic imaging of acute inflammatory lesions.

PMID: 3965654 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Oral colonization and susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa oral isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.

J Dent Res. 1985 Jan;64(1):54-7

Authors: Lindemann RA, Newman MG, Kaufman AK, Le TV

Microbial samples from the oral cavities of cystic fibrosis (C.F.) patients and 20 age-matched normal control subjects were characterized. Mucoid variant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the tongue, buccal mucosa, and saliva of C.F. patients only. Analysis of the data suggests that the oral cavity is a potential reservoir for this organism. Aspiration and cross-contamination from this reservoir may be important in perpetuating chronic pulmonary infection in C.F. patients. Susceptibility testing was performed on 20 mucoid variant P. aeruginosa oral isolates obtained from the patients according to standardized broth dilution procedures. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and chlorhexidine were measured. Analysis of the data suggests that clinically safe and achievable levels of chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride may be antimicrobial.

PMID: 3918088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

An in vivo investigation of the fluoride uptake in partially demineralized human enamel from several different dentifrices.

J Dent Res. 1985 Jan;64(1):19-23

Authors: Reintsema H, Schuthof J, Arends J

In this study, the total fluoride uptake in partially demineralized enamel from in situ brushing with six dentifrice systems was investigated in vivo among 22 panelists. Five dentifrices with different fluoride systems were compared with a placebo control. Two demineralized enamel discs were placed in proximal positions on specially fabricated dentures worn by each participant. Each treatment involved use of the placebo dentifrice for one week, followed by two weeks of twice-daily use of the test dentifrice. The F- contents of the dentifrices were: A = 1000 ppm F as Na2PO3F + 450 ppm F as NaF; B = 1100 ppm F as NaF; C = 1000 ppm F as Na2PO3F; D = 1000 ppm F as SnF2; E = 1500 ppm F as Na2PO3F; and P = 0 ppm F (placebo). The F- uptakes from A, C, D, and E were not significantly different from each other but were all significantly higher than the placebo. Statistical analysis showed a significantly higher F- level from the NaF-based paste B than that from all other systems. No differences existed between mesial-distal specimens; there was no correlation between F- uptake and age. Significant uptake differences were found between panelists with full and partial prostheses.

PMID: 3855413 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of sequential calcium phosphate-fluoride rinses on dental plaque, staining, fluoride uptake, and caries in rats.

J Dent Res. 1984 Dec;63(12):1355-9

Authors: Shern RJ, Chow LC, Couet KM, Kingman A, Brown WE

Oral rinses which included (1) an acidic calcium phosphate solution containing 0.7 M Ca, 1.9 M PO4, and saturated with respect to CaHPO4 . 2H2O, and with a pH of 2.0, followed by (2) a 0.52 M fluoride solution, from NaF or SnF2, were provided to rats once daily for seven days. The investigation consisted of two studies: In the first study, the amounts of dental plaque on the tooth surfaces and fluoride concentrations in the outer enamel were assessed seven days after the last treatment; in the second study, the extent of dental caries was evaluated seven weeks after the last treatment. All rinse sequences containing fluoride provided significant caries protection. The acidic calcium phosphate treatment markedly enhanced the ability of the enamel to acquire fluoride without change of surface morphology. Only the rinse sequences that included stannous fluoride showed significant plaque suppression.

PMID: 6595286 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Topical fluoride application and lesion progression in vitro.

J Dent Res. 1984 Nov;63(11):1276-8

Authors: Wefel JS, Harless JD

The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of topical fluoride application on white spot enamel and the effect that this application would have on a second acid exposure (lesion progression). Artificial white spot lesions of approximately 200 micron were created with an acidified gel technique, central control sections were removed, and the remaining tooth halves were randomly paired, with one half serving as an untreated control while the other received a single four-minute application of 1.23% (w/v) fluoride solution of either NH4F, Na2SnF6, APF, or TiF4. Both tooth halves were sectioned following progression and examined with polarized light microscopy. Lesion depth, internal pore volume, and presence, size and shape of dark zones were determined. The considerable variation among progressed lesions revealed no significant benefit from any topical fluoride treatment.

PMID: 6594368 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride in deciduous teeth from an anti-caries clinical study.

J Dent Res. 1984 Oct;63(10):1201-5

Authors: Sakkab NY, Cilley WA, Haberman JP

The fluoride content of both sound and white-spot enamel was determined in deciduous teeth collected from an anti-caries clinical trial which compared a 0.243% NaF dentifrice, a 0.4% SnF2 dentifrice, and a placebo. A microdrill enamel biopsy technique was developed for the analysis of white spots. No correlations were found between caries increment scores and the fluoride content of sound enamel. The enamel in white spots from users of the 0.243% NaF dentifrice had a mean fluoride content higher than that from users of the 0.4% SnF2 dentifrice. There was a negative correlation between fluoride found in white-spot enamel and caries increment scores. It is hypothesized that fluoride affects the caries rate by its control over the rate of remineralization in previously demineralized areas.

PMID: 6592201 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Anti-bacterial determinants of stannous fluoride.

J Dent Res. 1984 Sep;63(9):1121-5

Authors: Camosci DA, Tinanoff N

The growth of bacteria on stainless steel wires was used as a model to investigate which properties of SnF2 produced anti-bacterial effects against S. mutans. Wire-adherent bacteria were exposed for one min, twice a day, to various fluoride or control compounds having similar ions, pH, valence, or atomic weights. After two days, the thickness of adherent bacteria was scored visually, and the decrease in pH of the growth medium was determined. Bacteria from each wire were then dried, weighed, and analyzed for metal content. Electron microscopy and electron microprobe were used to identify the location of heavy metal deposits in the bacteria. Only SnF2 dramatically altered S. mutans growth and metabolism, and this anti-bacterial effect was associated with a large uptake of tin into the bacterial cells. The fluoride salts of sodium, lead, zinc, and copper had little influence on S. mutans growth in this test system. The pH of the various fluoride salts or controls generally had no effect on the activity of the test compounds, except for the noted inactivation of SnF2 at elevated pH's. Since SnF4 did not alter the growth or metabolism of S. mutans, a unique property of SnF2--possibly the reactivity in an aqueous environment--may be responsible for its anti-bacterial properties.

PMID: 6589273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of daily rinsing with stannous fluoride on plaque and gingivitis: final report.

J Dent Res. 1984 Aug;63(8):1083-6

Authors: Leverett DH, McHugh WD, Jensen OE

Two groups of children, ages 12 to 15, rinsed daily for 28 mo with aqueous fluoride solutions, one group using 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) and the other group using 0.1% stannous fluoride (SnF2). The SnF2 group had less plaque accumulation after four mo, but no difference was apparent at 16 and 28 mo. Gingivitis was less severe in the SnF2 group throughout the study, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The 0.1% SnF2 solution, used daily as a mouthrinse, inhibits plaque formation, although this inhibitory effect is not apparent after 16 mo of rinsing.

PMID: 6589269 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Microbiologic effects of SnF2 and NaF mouthrinses in subjects with high caries activity: results after one year.

J Dent Res. 1983 Aug;62(8):907-11

Authors: Tinanoff N, Klock B, Camosci DA, Manwell MA

Twenty-two adults, considered to have high caries activity, rinsed for one yr with either SnF2 or acidulated NaF mouthrinses. Total colony-forming units and numbers of S. mutans and lactobacilli were estimated from saliva samples. Large reductions were found in the number of recoverable S. mutans in subjects rinsing with SnF2 but not in the NaF group.

PMID: 6575040 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of acid-etching on caries-like lesions treated with stannous fluoride.

J Dent Res. 1983 Jul;62(7):783-8

Authors: Hicks MJ, Silverstone LM

The effect of acid-etching on SnF2-treated caries-like lesions was investigated. The results suggested that remineralization occurred, limited to the superficial portions of the lesions. In addition, we observed etching patterns which are comparable to those described for etched sound enamel.

PMID: 6345615 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of Chinese and western antimicrobial agents on selected oral bacteria.

J Dent Res. 1982 Sep;61(9):1103-6

Authors: Tsao TF, Newman MG, Kwok YY, Horikoshi AK

The susceptibility of selected oral bacteria, including suspected periodontopathogens, to a commonly employed Chinese herbal medicine Huang-chin (HC, Scutellaria baicalensis) was tested in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined. HC was also compared with tetracycline, alexidine, and stannous fluoride. HC decoction, at a concentration of 2%, was bacteriostatic in eight of 11 bacteria tested, but a concentration of 3.13% or greater was required for bactericidal effect. Among the tested bacteria, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius was the most sensitive (MIC = 1.57%, MBC = 2%); Actinomyces viscosus was the least sensitive (MIC = 6.25%, MBC = 12.5%). Tetracycline, alexidine, and SnF2 were bactericidal in vitro in all bacteria tested at concentrations lower than those used clinically.

PMID: 6963285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride uptake from in situ brushing with a SnF2 and a NaF dentifrice.

J Dent Res. 1981 Dec;60(12):1943-8

Authors: Mobley MJ

Fluoride uptake into decalcified human enamel was determined from in situ brushing with a 0.40% SnF2-calcium pyrophosphate abrasive dentifrice, a 0.243% NaF-silica abrasive dentifrice, and a non-fluoride-silica abrasive placebo dentifrice. Dentifrice treatments were compared using a randomized block test design with 11 panelists, wearing specially fabricated partial dentures that were able to hold two 3-mm-diameter enamel discs in proximal positions. The enamel discs were analyzed for fluoride after two wk of regular use of the test dentifrices. The mean fluoride contents after use of the test dentifrices were 16.0, 8.4, and 4.6 micro/cm2 for the 0.243% NaF, the 0.40% SnF2, and the placebo dentifrice, respectively. The differences in the means were statistically significant. These uptake results correlate well with the reported clinical efficacies of these dentifrices.

PMID: 6946109 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of topical fluoride agents on fluoride uptake and surface morphology.

J Dent Res. 1981 Nov;60(11):1842-8

Authors: Wefel JS, Harless JD

PMID: 6945323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Comparative effect of SnF2, NaF, and SnCl2 on the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

J Dent Res. 1981 Oct;60(10):1809-14

Authors: Mayhew RR, Brown LR

The inhibitory effects of NaF, SnF2, and SnCl2 were compared in vitro on the growth of Streptococcus mutans NCTC No. 10449. Sodium fluoride arrested growth at 300 and 600 ppm F (while SnF2 suppressed the rate of growth at 75 ppm F), showed some bactericidal activity at 150 and 300 ppm F, and was totally bactericidal at 600 ppm F. The greater inhibition by SnF2 suggests an additive effect of SN2+. As a measure of a fluoride-free Sn2+ solution, SnCl2 was inappropriate since most of the tin present, at a neutral pH, was Sn4+. The influence of pH was particularly noteworthy with SnF2 at 600 ppm F, where a total bactericidal effect was observed within four h at pH 5.9, while viable cells were still recoverable from four to 40 h with SnF2 at pH 7.2.

PMID: 6944345 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of stannous fluoride treatments on the progression of initial lesions in approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth.

J Dent Res. 1981 Sep;60(9):1648-54

Authors: Powell KR, Barnard PD, Craig GG

Bite-wing radiographs were used to determine the effect of three forms of topical SnF2 therapy on the progression of initial lesions in the approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth. Radiographs were taken annually over a four-year period. The subjects were schoolchildren, aged 12-14 yr, living in a low fluoride area. The professional application of a 10% SnF2 solution for 30 s, semi-annually for two yr, had no discernible effect on the development of the initial lesions. However, the home use of a SnF2 dentifrice did inhibit caries progression appreciably at all but one of the four time intervals in the study. The professional application of a 10% SnF2 solution for 30 s, semi-annually for two yr, combined with the home use of a SnF2 dentifrice, was the most effective treatment in retarding lesion development. Even without topical fluoride therapy, the rate of progression of initial approximal lesions was generally quite slow. In view of these findings, it would seem sound clinical practice to treat all initial lesions in approximal surfaces with topical fluoride therapy and delay placement of restorations until there is radiographic evidence of lesions reaching dentin.

PMID: 6943157 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evaluation of fluoride prophylaxis pastes.

J Dent Res. 1981 Jul;60(7):1297-300

Authors: Wei SH, Ngan PW, Wefel JS, Kerber P

The fluoride (F) uptake from two commercial prophylaxis pastes and a newly formulated prophylaxis paste was compared. The enamel fluoride uptake of 26 extracted sound human molars was measured using an acid etch biopsy method. The F uptakes in ppm (mean +/- SEM) for the control prophy pastes (C), Zircate treatment paste (Z), an APF paste (Nuppro,A), and a new experimental paste (N) were 1145 +/- 65,1245 +/- 72,1857 +/- 296, and 1841 +/- 321, respectively. The enamel biopsy depths in micrometers (mean +/- S.D.) for the control, Zircate APF pastes, and Newpaste were 6.64 +/- 1.75, 7.4 +/- 2.32, 6.55 +/- 2.23 and 7.69 +/- 1.80. The Newpaste appeared to give a significantly higher fluride uptake than Zircate and control pastes, but was very similar to an APF paste.

PMID: 6940871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of daily mouthrinsing with stannous fluoride on dental plaque and gingivitis--four-month results.

J Dent Res. 1981 Apr;60(4):781-4

Authors: Leverett DH, McHugh WD, Jensen OE

This clinical trial of a daily 0.1% SnF2 mouthrinse involved over 400 children, from 12 to 15 years of age. With 0.05% NaF as the active control, rinsing was conducted daily for four mo after baseline examinations. Four-month examinations showed significantly lower Plaque Index scores for the SnF2 group. Gingival Index scores for the SnF2 group were lower, but did not reach statistical significance.

PMID: 6937514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A clinical caries evaluation of a stannous fluoride prophylactic paste and topical solution.

J Dent Res. 1980 Aug;59(8):1386-91

Authors: Beiswanger BB, Mercer VH, Billings RJ, Stookey GK

A three-yr caries study was conducted to evaluate an SnF2 prophylactic paste and topical solution professionally applied to children on a semi-annual basis. The topical solution imparted a significant decrease in caries incidence while the prophylactic paste was without significant effect. The combination of treatments was not significantly more effective than the topical application alone.

PMID: 6995506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of stannous fluoride on plaque scores.

J Dent Res. 1979 Sep;58(9):1850-2

Authors: White ST, Taylor PP

A homogeneous group of 37 patients was chosen. The first six days involved brushing and rinsing with stannous fluoride compounds for the experimental group and placebo compounds for the control group. The next five days involved rinsing only. There was a significant difference in plaque scores during the period of rinsing only.

PMID: 290649 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The antimicrobial effect of fluorides (acidulated phosphate, sodium and stannous) on Actinomyces viscosus.

J Dent Res. 1979 Aug;58(8):1824-9

Authors: Yoon NA, Berry CW

The effect of three commercially prepared fluoride compounds (acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23% F-, stannous fluoride 0.4%, and sodium fluoride 0.05%) diluted to various concentrations with brain heart infusion broth, on the growth of five strains of Actinomyces viscosus following 1 and 24 hours' exposure to the fluorides was studied. Results demonstrated that SnF2 was the most effective growth inhibitor of the organisms at 500 ppm F- after 1 hour and at 100 ppm F- after 24 hours' exposure. APF and NaF were not effective within a 1 hour exposure period, but did suppress growth of the organisms at 200 ppm in the cultures exposed for 24 hours.

PMID: 288763 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of stannous fluoride and tiodonium chloride on dental plaque in rats.

J Dent Res. 1979 Aug;58(8):1830-5

Authors: Shern RJ, Couet KM

Rats with six-day-old plaque were treated twice daily with mouthrinses containing either tiodonium chloride, stannous fluoride or a placebo. Although the results for tiodonium chloride were unremarkable, stannous fluoride mouthrinses proved to be significantly effective in removing dental plaque and in restricting the ability of plaque to lower the pH of sugar solutions.

PMID: 38267 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Studies of prophylaxis pastes containing sodium-potassium aluminum silicate and fluoride.

J Dent Res. 1979 Jul;58(7):1659-63

Authors: Putt MS, Kleber CJ, Muhler JC

A sodium-potassium aluminum silicate cleaning and polishing agent was compared with conventional prophylaxis abrasives and was found to be highly compatible with fluoride. When formulated into a fluoride prophylaxis paste, especially with stannous fluoride, a larger reduction in enamel solubility and greater fluoride uptake were obtained with representative commercial prophylaxis pastes.

PMID: 286711 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of FeF2 and FeF3 on the dissolution rate of bovine enamel.

J Dent Res. 1979 Jun;58(6):1654

Authors: Craig GG

PMID: 286710 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Resolution of gingivitis in dogs following topical applications of 0.4% stannous fluoride and toothbrushing.

J Dent Res. 1979 Jun;58(6):1652-3

Authors: Hock J, Tinanoff N

PMID: 286709 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Office-applied fluoride treatments for orthodontic patients.

J Dent Res. 1979 Apr;58(4):1427

Authors: Magness WS, Shannon IL, West DC

PMID: 285114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

An in vivo study of the effects of fluoride (SnF2 0.4%, APF 1.23%, and neutral NaF 0.05%) on levels of organisms resembling Actinomyces, gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation.

J Dent Res. 1979 Jan;58(1):535-6

Authors: Yoon NA, Berry CW

PMID: 282310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The reaction of stannous fluoride and hydroxyapatite.

J Dent Res. 1978 Sep-Oct;57(9-10):933-8

Authors: Babcock FD, King JC, Jordan TH

Systematic investigation of the chemical reaction of a slurry of SnF2, Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6, and H2O shows that products other than CaF2 are determined by the relative concentrations of the reactants. In addition to Sn2OHPO4, and Sn3F3PO4, a previously unreported compound, Ca(SnF3)2, has been observed as a product of the reaction.

PMID: 281374 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]