Effect of water storage on bond strength of self-etching adhesives to dentin.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2007;8(7):46-53

Authors: Garcia RN, de Goes MF, Giannini M

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of self-etching adhesive systems one week and one year after storage in water. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fragments from the buccal surfaces of 45 bovine teeth were prepared (12 mm in length x 5 mm in width x 1.0 mm in thickness). Dentin surfaces were wet-abraded with 600-grit SiC paper to create a standardized smear layer. Samples were randomly assigned to 18 experimental groups (n=5), according to nine adhesive systems tested (Single Bond; Adper Prompt L-Pop; iBond; One-Up Bond F; Xeno III; Clearfil SE Bond; Optibond Solo Plus SE; Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus; and UniFil Bond) and two water-storage times (one week and one year). Adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. Z250 composite was applied into the molds to fill up the internal diameter volume of a Tygon tubing mold (1.0 mm high/0.7 mm internal diameter). Micro-shear bond strengths were determined using an apparatus attached to an Instron Universal Testing Machine (0.5 mm/min). Data were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's test (5%). RESULTS: One year after water storage the dentin bond strength of all adhesive systems reduced significantly, except for One-Up Bond F. CONCLUSION: Water-storage time decreased the bond strength for most dentin bonding agents tested.

PMID: 17994154 [PubMed - in process]

Retention of three fissure sealants and a dentin bonding system used as fissure sealant in caries prevention: 12-month follow-up results.

Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct;12(6):E459-63

Authors: Baca P, Bravo M, Baca AP, Jiménez A, González-Rodríguez MP

BACKGROUND: Bonding agents could be used as fissure sealants. This study compares the retention three fissure sealants (Delton, Delton Plus and Concise) and a filled dentin bonding system (Optibond Solo). METHODS. Fifty-six children aged 7-8 years received fissure sealants either in the four permanent first molars, in the four deciduous second molars, or in all eight of these teeth. Every child received a different sealing material in each quadrant on a random basis. Clinical evaluation at 12 months was performed by a single blind examiner, and the retention was classified as either a success (total retention) or a failure (partial retention or not present). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among the four materials in permanent maxillary molars or deciduous molars. In permanent mandibular molars, Optibond Solo showed a lower percentage of retention (40.9%), significantly different (p=0.002) to that of Delton (89.5%), Delton Plus (87.5%) and Concise (76.5%). CONCLUSION: One bottle dentin bonding system used as a sealant does not improve the retention of conventional fissure sealants. CLINICAL IMPLICATION: Because of the scarcity of studies on the use of dental adhesives as sealants, further studies are warranted for the final support of that conclusion.

PMID: 17909514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Shear bond strength of acetone-based one-bottle adhesive systems.

Braz Dent J. 2006;17(1):39-43

Authors: Lopes GC, Cardoso PC, Vieira LC, Baratieri LN, Rampinelli K, Costa G

The aim of this study was to assess the shear bond strength of four acetone-based one-bottle adhesive systems to enamel and dentin, and compare to that of an ethanol-based system used as control. Fifty human molars were bisected mesiodistally and the buccal and lingual surfaces were embedded in acrylic resin using PVC cylinders. The buccal surfaces were ground to obtain flat dentin surfaces, while the lingual surfaces were ground to obtain flat enamel surfaces. All specimens were polished up to 600-grit sandpapers and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=20; 10 dentin specimens and 10 enamel specimens), according to the adhesive system used: One-Step (Bisco); Gluma One Bond (Heraeus Kulzer); Solobond M (Voco); TenureQuik w/F (Den-Mat) and OptiBond Solo Plus (Kerr) (control). Each adhesive system was applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. The respective proprietary hybrid composite was applied in a gelatin capsule (d=4.3 mm) and light-cured for 40 s. The specimens were tested in shear strength with an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Bond strengths means were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc (p< or =0.05). Shear bond strength means (MPa) (+/-SD) to enamel and dentin were: Enamel: One-Step=11.3(+/-4.9); Gluma One Bond=16.3(+/-10.1); Solobond M=18.9(+/-4.5); TenureQuik w/F=18.7(+/-4.5) and OptiBond Solo Plus=16.4(+/-3.9); Dentin: One-Step=6.4(+/-2.8); Gluma One Bond=3.0(+/-3.4); Solobond M=10.6(+/-4.9); TenureQuik w/F=7.8(+/-3.9) and OptiBond Solo Plus=15.1(+/-8.9). In enamel, the adhesive systems had statistically similar bond strengths to each other (p>0.05). However, the ethanol-based system (OptiBond Solo Plus) showed significantly higher bond strength to dentin than the acetone-based systems (p< or =0.0001). In conclusion, the solvent type (acetone or ethanol) had no influence on enamel bond strength, but had great influence on dentin bonding, which should be taken into account when choosing the adhesive system.

PMID: 16721463 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical performance evaluation of a packable posterior composite in bulk-cured restorations.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2006 Jan;137(1):71-80

Authors: Sarrett DC, Brooks CN, Rose JT

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the clinical performance of Prodigy Condensable (Kerr, Orange, Calif.) composite placed and cured in increments up to 5 millimeters thick. METHODS: The authors placed 57 Class II restorations in 32 patients in composite increments up to 5 mm thick. Using this technique, they placed the majority of restorations in one increment and then carved the occlusal and proximal anatomy before light curing. The authors evaluated the restorations at three, six, 12, 24 and 36 months. RESULTS: No restorations required replacement; however, 11 developed a defect requiring repair or continued observation. Of these 11, nine restorations developed defects on the margins of the restorations and two developed secondary caries. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of probability that a restoration would develop a defect during 36 months that would require immediate repair was 0.13. Postoperative sensitivity was not significantly different from preoperative sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that no restorations required replacement and no increased postoperative sensitivity occurred. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The authors suggest that this composite material can be placed in a single increment up to 5 mm thick for Class II restorations.

PMID: 16457002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Influence of zinc-oxide eugenol, formocresol, and ferric sulfate on bond strength of dentin adhesives to primary teeth.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 Aug 15;6(3):14-21

Authors: Salama FS

This study evaluated in vitro the influence of a temporary filling {zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)} and two pulpotomy agents {formocresol (FC) and ferric sulfate (FS)} on shear bond strength (SBS) of two dentin adhesives to the dentin of primary molars. A total of 80 dentin surfaces were prepared and randomly allocated into 10 groups of 8 specimens each. Groups were subjected to different treatments, which included covering with a paste of ZOE mixed at different powder:liquid (P:L) ratios, placement on a gauze soaked in FC or FS, or they received no pretreatment and served as a control. XRV Herculite composite cylinders were bonded to dentin surfaces using Prime and Bond NT adhesive resin or Opti Bond Solo Plus adhesive resin. SBSs were determined using the lnstron testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The use of ZOE mixed at the lower P:L ratio of 10g:2g significantly decreased the values of SBS of the two adhesives. The use of two pulpotomy agents (FC and FS) significantly decreased the SBS of the two adhesives. The bond strength to dentin of primary teeth was influenced by the pulpotomy agents used and the ZOE P:L ratio but not by the adhesive system used.

PMID: 16127468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Incompatibility of oxalate desensitizers with acidic, fluoride-containing total-etch adhesives.

J Dent Res. 2005 Aug;84(8):730-5

Authors: Yiu CK, King NM, Suh BI, Sharp LJ, Carvalho RM, Pashley DH, Tay FR

The use of oxalate desensitizers on acid-etched dentin prior to adhesive application can result in subsurface tubular occlusion by calcium oxalate crystals. However, the solubility of calcium oxalate increases in acidic solution. We hypothesized that total-etch adhesives can, depending upon their pH, interact with oxalate-desensitizer-treated dentin in an adverse manner. Acid-etched human dentin treated with 2 oxalate desensitizers (BisBlock and Super Seal) was bonded with 4 simplified total-etch adhesives: One-Step (OS), Single Bond (SB), OptiBond Solo Plus (OB), and Prime&Bond NT (PB). Composite-dentin beams were examined by SEM and TEM, both of which revealed numerous spherical globules on OB- and PB-bonded, desensitizer-treated dentin, but not in OS or SB samples. Bond strengths produced by OB and PB were significantly lower in oxalate-treated specimens than those produced by OS or SB. These surface globules may have interfered with hybridization of demineralized dentin with OB and PB resins and caused compromised bond strengths.

PMID: 16040731 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The influence of some dentin primers on calcium hydroxide lining cement.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 May 15;6(2):1-9

Authors: El-Araby A, Al-Jabab A

Dentin primer is applied as a routine procedure prior to bonding to improve the sealing properties of direct polymerizing resins. Some primers contain acetone or alcohol that may affect the properties of calcium hydroxide liner which is placed as a direct or indirect pulp cap. If calcium hydroxide is softened or smeared over the cavity walls, the bonding will be impaired. Therefore, if this occurs, the cement must be removed, the walls must be cleansed, and the procedure must be repeated with careful application of dentin primer. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the wear and compressive strength of a calcium hydroxide liner after exposure to different kinds of dentin primers for different periods of time. METHODS: The calcium hydroxide used in this study was Dycal. It was mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and placed in plastic rings of 0.5 mm x 5 mm and allowed to set at 37 degrees C for 15 min under 500 gm load. To determine erosion, the height for each sample before and after application of primers was recorded using a Digital Height Measuring Instrument "Digmar" 817. Compressive strength specimens were also prepared. RESULTS: Calcium hydroxide treated with Optibond (alcohol based) or Syntac (acetone based) for 1 min or 5 min had the highest erosion values and the lowest compressive strength values. Gluma CPs (water based primer) had the least effect on calcium hydroxide values.

PMID: 15915199 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Microleakage study of three adhesive systems.

Braz Dent J. 2004;15(3):194-8

Authors: Arias VG, Campos IT, Pimenta LA

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of three hydrophilic dentin adhesive systems to reduce class II restoration microleakage. A total of 60 human molar teeth were used in which two box cavities were made on the distal and mesial surfaces, with a cervical margin in dentin. These cavities were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40 each), according to adhesive system tested: G1: OptiBond SOLO(R); G2: Amalgambond Plus(R); G3: Etch & Prime 3.0(R). The cavities were restored with the composite resin Z-100(R). The groups were thermocycled 2000 times (5 +/- 1 masculineC and 55 +/- 1 masculineC) with a dwell time of 1 min. The teeth were then immersed in 2% methylene blue, pH 7.0, for 4 h, sectioned and observed with a stereomicroscope MEIJI 2000 (35X). The evaluation was made using scores (0-4) and the results were expressed through the sum of the ranks. G1 = 1994.00; G2 = 2294.00; G3 = 2972.00. The three groups were significantly different. The self-etching adhesive system Etch & Prime 3.0 was less effective in preventing microleakage. The OptiBond SOLO adhesive was the most effective in reducing microleakage in dentin margins when compared with Amalgambond Plus and Etch & Prime 3.0.

PMID: 15798822 [PubMed - in process]

Immediate and 24-hour bond strengths of two dental adhesive systems to three tooth substrates.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003 Nov 15;4(4):28-39

Authors: Talic YF

Bond strengths of bonded composite resins to tooth substrates vary depending on when they were measured. Most bond strengths reported in the literature are a result of one hour, 24-hour, or longer periods of time that do not simulate actual clinical practice when occlusal adjustment and finishing and polishing procedures are performed within seconds after restoration placement. There are many different ways to measure the bond strength of direct esthetic restorations to various dental substrates. This research uses a method published previously that compares immediate and 24-hour bond strengths of a single-bottle dental adhesive and a self-etching primer adhesive to prepared enamel, unprepared enamel, and prepared dentin substrates. Significant differences were found between immediate and 24-hour bond strengths, but there were essentially no differences between substrates or adhesives.

PMID: 14625593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of different drying methods for single step adhesive systems on microleakage of tooth colored restorations.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003 Feb 15;4(1):1-9

Authors: Owens BM

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate microleakage of tooth colored restoratives and accompanying single step adhesive systems using two drying methods (syringe air versus "sponge" applicator blotting). Eighty teeth were randomly assigned to four material groups. Class V cavity preparations, located half in enamel and half in cementum at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), with a 1.0 mm enamel bevel were completed. The adhesive/composite groups included: (1) Single-Bond/Z-100 Composite, (2) Prime & Bond 2.1/Dyract AP Compomer, (3) OptiBond Solo Plus/Prodigy Composite, and (4) Scotchbond MultiPurpose/Z-100 Composite. Each material group (n=20), consisted of preparation Subgroups dried with syringe air (A), (n=10) and sponge applicators (B), (n=10). The preparations were conditioned, rinsed, and gently dried followed by placement of the primer/adhesive and restorative materials. All teeth were thermocycled, stained with methylene blue dye, invested in clear acrylic resin, and sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restoration. Readings were taken at the occlusal and gingival surface positions of each restoration section. A ratio (%) of wall length to amount of leakage along each wall was established. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) testing revealed: (1) no significant (p<0.05) differences existed between materials at the occlusal surface position in Subgroups A and B (syringe vs. applicator drying), (2) significantly (P<0.05) greater leakage of OptiBond Solo Plus compared to Single-Bond, Prime & Bond 2.1, and Scotchbond MultiPurpose at the gingival surface position in Subgroups A and B, (3) significantly (p<0.05) greater leakage of OptiBond Solo Plus compared to Single-Bond and Scotchbond MultiPurpose, combining the occlusal/gingival surface position scores, (4) no significant difference existed between Single-Bond Subgroups A/B, OptiBond Solo Plus Subgroups A/B, Scotchbond MultiPurpose Subgroups A/B, (5) significantly (p<0.05) greater leakage of Prime & Bond 2.1 Subgroup B compared to Subgroup A, (6) no significant (p<0.05) difference existed between material groups, except OptiBond Solo Plus (occlusal vs. gingival surface position), (7) no significant (p<0.05) difference between Single-Bond, OptiBond Solo Plus, and Scotchbond MultiPurpose comparing both Subgroups, same materials, and surface positions, and (8) no significant (p<0.05) difference existed between Prime & Bond 2.1, comparing both Subgroups, occlusal surface position. In the present study, significantly greater leakage was revealed with OptiBond Solo Plus compared to the other material groups, especially at the gingival surface positions. Significantly greater leakage was also recorded with OptiBond Solo Plus and Prime & Bond 2.1 sponge applicator drying as compared to the same materials, syringe air drying.

PMID: 12595929 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Four-year water degradation of total-etch adhesives bonded to dentin.

J Dent Res. 2003 Feb;82(2):136-40

Authors: De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Vargas M, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G

Resin-dentin bonds degrade over time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of variables like hybridization effectiveness and diffusion/elution of interface components on degradation. Hypotheses tested were: (1) There is no difference in degradation over time between two- and three-step total-etch adhesives; and (2) a composite-enamel bond protects the adjacent composite-dentin bond against degradation. The micro-tensile bond strength (microTBS) to dentin of 2 three-step total-etch adhesives was compared with that of 2 two-step total-etch adhesives after 4 years of storage in water. Quantitative and qualitative failure analyses were conducted correlating Fe-SEM and TEM. Indirect exposure to water did not significantly reduce the microTBS of any adhesive, while direct exposure resulted in a significantly reduced microTBS of both two-step adhesives. It is concluded that resin bonded to enamel protected the resin-dentin bond against degradation, while direct exposure to water for 4 years affected bonds produced by two-step total-etch adhesives.

PMID: 12562888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical evaluation of two one-bottle dentin adhesives at three years.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2001 Aug;132(8):1117-23

Authors: Swift EJ, Perdig&#xE3;o J, Wilder AD, Heymann HO, Sturdevant JR, Bayne SC

BACKGROUND: The method currently used to adhere resin to dentin involves etching, priming and bonding. Many commercial adhesives now combine priming and bonding functions in a single solution, and these are frequently called one-bottle adhesives. The purpose of this study was to compare the 36-month clinical performance of two commercial one-bottle adhesives. METHODS: The authors enrolled 33 patients with noncarious cervical lesions in the study. A total of 101 lesions were restored with either a filled, ethanol-based adhesive (OptiBond Solo, SDS Kerr) or an unfilled, acetone-based adhesive (Prime & Bond 2.1, Dentsply Caulk) and a hybrid resin-based composite. Enamel margins were not beveled, and no mechanical retention was placed. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and six months, 18 months and 36 months after placement using modified Cvar/Ryge criteria. RESULTS: The retention rates at 36 months were 93.3 percent for the ethanol-based adhesive and 89.4 percent for the acetone-based adhesive. The difference in retention rates was not statistically significant. In both groups, 12 percent of the retained restorations had marginal staining, but no recurrent caries was detected around any restoration. Other restoration characteristics such as marginal adaptation and color match remained excellent three years after placement. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of both adhesives was excellent during this 36-month clinical trial. At the most recent recall evaluation (that is, 36 months), the filled, ethanol-based adhesive exhibited slightly better bond durability, but the difference between the two materials was not statistically significant. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The one-bottle adhesives evaluated in this study provided excellent clinical retention of Class V restorations without mechanical retention. When the materials are used properly, restorations are retained at a high rate during at least three years of clinical service.

PMID: 11575019 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel.

Br Dent J. 2001 Aug 11;191(3):148-50

Authors: Walls AW, Lee J, McCabe JF

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect on the bond strength of modern dentine bonding agents to etched enamel of surface contamination with water. DESIGN: Fifteen bond strength measurements were made for bonds prepared to both moist and dry etched enamel for each of three test and one control materials. RESULTS: For two materials (Scotchbond 1 and Prime and Bond 2.1) the bond strength was not affected by the presence of water on the etched enamel surface. A mean bond strength in excess of 25 MPa was achieved for both materials under all conditions. One material (Optibond Solo) showed a 30% increase in bond strength when bonds were formed under wet condition (21.10 MPa compared with 15.35 MPa). The bond strength of the control material, a conventional unfilled bonding resin, decreased markedly with aqueous contamination (9.14 MPa compared with 26.75 MPa). CONCLUSION: Etched enamel should be rehydrated routinely prior to bonding composite resin to its surface using a water displacing dentine bonding system.

PMID: 11523887 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Amalgam bonding.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Sep;131(9):1242, 1244

Authors: Cannon ML

PMID: 10986823 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A TEM study of two water-based adhesive systems bonded to dry and wet dentin.

J Dent Res. 1998 Jan;77(1):50-9

Authors: Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G, Duke ES, Eick JD, Robinson SJ

To keep the exposed collagen scaffold penetrable to resin, it has been recommended that the conditioned dentin surface be maintained in a visibly moist condition, a clinical technique commonly referred to as wet bonding. In this study, resin-dentin interfaces produced with two water-based adhesive systems--OptiBond (OPTI, Kerr) and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M)--were compared by transmission electron microscopy, following the application of either a dry- or a wet-bonding technique. The hypothesis advanced was that the ultramorphology of the hybrid layer would differ depending on which bonding method was applied. A morphologically well-organized hybrid layer of collagen fibrils intermingled with resin in tiny interfibrillar channels was consistently formed by the OPTI system. The SBMP system was found to produce a hybrid layer with a more variable ultrastructure, less distinctly outlined collagen fibrils, and a characteristic electron-dense phase located at its surface. No major differences in hybrid layer ultrastructure were observed when the two adhesive systems investigated were bonded to either dry or wet dentin. When the adhesives were dry-bonded, no ultrastructural evidence of collapsed demineralized collagen, incompletely or not at all infiltrated by resin, could be detected. In addition, when the two adhesives were bonded to wet dentin, no signs of overwetting phenomena, that would have indicated that water was ineffectively removed, were apparent. It has been hypothesized that the amount of water provided with the hydrophilic primer solution of either of the two adhesive systems investigated suffices to re-hydrate and re-expand the gently air-dried and collapsed collagen network. Further research should be directed to determine whether this hypothesized self-rewetting effect can be extrapolated to other adhesive systems that provide water-based primers.

PMID: 9437399 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Correlative transmission electron microscopy examination of nondemineralized and demineralized resin-dentin interfaces formed by two dentin adhesive systems.

J Dent Res. 1996 Mar;75(3):879-88

Authors: Van Meerbeek B, Conn LJ, Duke ES, Eick JD, Robinson SJ, Guerrero D

The resin-dentin interface formed by two dentin adhesives, Optibond (OPTI, Kerr) and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M), was ultramorphologically examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ultrastructural information from nondemineralized and demineralized sections was correlated. It was hypothesized that the different chemical formulations of the two adhesives would result in a different morphological appearance of the hybrid layer. Ultrastructural TEM examination proved that each of the two dentin adhesive systems was able to establish a micromechanical bond between dentin and resin with the formation of a hybrid layer. However, the interfacial hybridization process that took place to produce this resin-dentin bond appeared to be specifically related to the chemical composition and application modes of both systems. OPTI consistently presented with a hybrid layer with a relatively uniform ultrastructure, electron density, and acid resistance. These three parameters were found to be more variable for the hybrid layer formed by SBMP. Characteristic of SBMP was the identification of an amorphous phase deposited at the outer surface of the hybrid layer. Although both adhesive systems investigated follow a total-etch concept, their specific chemical formulations result in different interfacial ultrastructures that are probably related to different underlying bonding mechanisms. The clinical significance of these morphological findings, however, is still unknown.

PMID: 8675798 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Repairing fractured porcelain: how surface preparation affects shear force resistance.

J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Feb;127(2):203-9

Authors: Pameijer CH, Louw NP, Fischer D

This article reports on a study of the shear bond strength of porcelain repaired with any of several currently available dentin bonding systems and composite resin. The authors describe the benefits of the use of silane and the decrease in shear bond strength values after thermocycling. The results should be helpful to any practitioner confronted with a restoration that is a candidate for intraoral repair of fractured porcelain.

PMID: 8682989 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]