In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers.

Braz Oral Res. 2006 Oct-Dec;20(4):303-6

Authors: Miyagak DC, de Carvalho EM, Robazza CR, Chavasco JK, Levorato GL

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the endodontic sealers: N-Rickert, Sealapex, AH Plus, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and portland cement. The Agar diffusion method was used in plates previously inoculated with the following microorganisms: C. albicans, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli. The diameters of microbial inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours of incubation in kiln at 37 degrees C. According to the methodology used, it was possible to conclude that only the sealers AH Plus and N-Rickert presented antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, S. aureus, and E. coli; no antimicrobial activity in MTA, Sealapex and portland cement was observed. N-Rickert presented the largest inhibition zones varying from 8 to 18 mm, and the microorganism E. faecalis was resistant against all sealers tested.

PMID: 17242789 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Apical leakage of Resilon obturation material.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006 Sep 1;7(4):45-52

Authors: Bodrumlu E, Tunga U

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the apical sealing ability of Resilon obturation material. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-two single rooted extracted human teeth were selected and randomly divided into three groups. They were obturated using lateral condensation with gutta-percha and AH 26/AH plus and Resilon; also, 12 root canals were used as control groups. The apical leakage was measured using the dye penetration methodology. RESULTS: The teeth filled with gutta-percha and AH 26 displayed the most apical leakage. The least apical leakage was shown with Resilon. DISCUSSION: The differences in leakage among the groups, gutta-percha with AH 26 (2.4 mm, SD:1.87), gutta-percha with AH plus (2.1 mm, SD: 1.69), and Resilon (1.7 mm, SD:1.32), were statistically significant (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the data of this study, all groups produced a satisfactory seal. However, Resilon and Epiphany sealer showed the least apical leakage.

PMID: 16957790 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth filled using lateral condensation versus vertical compaction (Schilder's technique).

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006 Feb 15;7(1):17-24

Authors: Aqrabawi JA

The purpose of this prospective clinical and radiographic investigation was to assess the treatment results following endodontic therapy of teeth filled with lateral condensation versus teeth filled with vertical compaction of warm gutta-percha. A total of 290 patients were treated using the standardized step-back technique for canal preparation, which were filled with either lateral condensation or vertical compaction in one single session. Five years later, the treatment results were assessed clinically and radiographically and related to the type of the obturation technique using Chi-square analysis. Of the 340 teeth that were reexamined, 160 teeth were filled with lateral condensation, and 180 teeth were filled with vertical condensation. The results showed a significantly higher success rate for the vertical compaction versus the lateral condensation technique of teeth presented with preoperative periapical lesions P<0.04. Regardless of the preoperative periapical status of the teeth, no statistically significant difference was found between the two techniques. The overall success rate of both filling techniques was 80.3%.

PMID: 16491144 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evaluation of teeth loss among workers in the laminate and composite materials department of aircraft factory.

Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12(2):325-9

Authors: Bachanek T, Samborski D, Cha&#x142;as R, Wolańska E

Liquid epoxide resins, solvents and solvent-modified epoxide resins, as well as hardeners for epoxide resins, appear to be skin and mucosa irritants of different intensity and possibly have allergenic properties. Therefore, it is required that the employees are qualified and industrial safety rules are followed when these substances are in use in the manufacturing process. Our study evaluated the state of dentition and analysed the loss of teeth in the workers of the laminate and composite materials department of aircraft factory. The research has been carried out in a group of 114 workers, which consisted of 88 men and 26 women 20 to 61 years old. The control group consisted of 41 workers of the administration department in the aircraft factory who did not have any contact with chemical compounds. The workers in the studied group are characterised as having an unsatisfactory state of dentition, as shown by the high rate of lost teeth (74 %). Statistically significant difference between the studied group and the control was found when the relationship between the number of lost molar teeth in women in the studied group and those in the control group is taken into consideration, a statistically significant difference appears to refer to teeth 46 and 27. The same statistically important correlation between men in the control and studied groups concerns teeth 16. The research data shows that incisor teeth are the least frequently extracted teeth in the whole population studied. Statistically significant differences can be noted for teeth 21 and 23 between the women in the control group and those in the studied one. Future studies are necessary to assess the potential relationship between the loss of teeth among workers of the department of laminate and composite materials of aircraft factory and their workplace.

PMID: 16457494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Toughness in synthetic and biological multilayered systems.

Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2002 Feb 15;360(1791):199-209

Authors: Calvert P, Cesarano J, Chandra H, Denham H, Kasichainula S, Vaidyanathan R

Toughness in hard biological tissues is associated with fibrous or lamellar structures that deflect or stop growing cracks. In some cases, such as nacreous shell, protein interlayers absorb much of the crack energy. In other tissues, such as tooth enamel, the toughness derives from the mineral microstructure, and the small amount of residual protein apparently has little effect. There have been a number of efforts to make tough synthetic materials using layered structures. In this work, freeform fabrication has been used to make layered structures with a view to introducing similar toughness into brittle materials. Results are presented for epoxy-glass composites with glass fabric interlayers, porous alumina back-filled with aluminium metal, and layered glass-ceramic/silver materials.

PMID: 16210177 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Microbial leakage of Cavit, IRM, and Temp Bond in post-prepared root canals using two methods of gutta-percha removal: an in vitro study.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 Aug 15;6(3):53-61

Authors: Balto H, Al-Nazhan S, Al-Mansour K, Al-Otaibi M, Siddiqu Y

The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the coronal seal of Temp-Bond and compare it to Cavit and IRM after post space preparation using S. faecalis as a microbial tracer. In addition, the affect of two methods of gutta percha removal on the apical seal of root canal fillings was also evaluated. Forty extracted human single rooted teeth were prepared chemomechanically and obturated with gutta percha and AH26 sealer cement using the lateral cold condensation technique to a standardized working length of 15 mm. About 10 mm of the coronal gutta-percha was removed with either Peeso-reamer or a hot plugger. The roots were divided into three experimental groups of 10 roots and a control group. Each experimental group was subdivided equally into two groups of 15 each according to the method of post space preparation. Cavit, IRM, and Temp-Bond were used to seal the access opening. Each root was fixed in a cuvette containing Tryptic Soya Broth which, covered 2 mm of the root apex. Bacterial suspension was introduced through pipette. Fresh bacterial suspension was added every week, and the system was monitored daily for the growth of microorganisms for a period of one month. The results showed there was no significant difference in terms of coronal leakage between the three coronal materials used (P=0.478), but the methods of gutta-percha removal did have an impact on the apical leakage (P=0.047). The mean value showed the Peeso-reamer provided less leakage compared to using a hot plugger during the 30-day experimental time period. It was concluded the temporary type of coronal seal of endodontically treated teeth will not prevent coronal leakage if left for a long period of time. In addition, permanent cementation of the post with the coronal restoration should be carried out as soon as possible to prevent recontamination of the root canal.

PMID: 16127472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The environmental estrogen bisphenol a inhibits estradiol-induced hippocampal synaptogenesis.

Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Jun;113(6):675-9

Authors: MacLusky NJ, Hajszan T, Leranth C

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic chemical that is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. Because BPA leaches out of plastic food and drink containers, as well as the BPA-containing plastics used in dental prostheses and sealants, considerable potential exists for human exposure to this compound. In this article we show that treatment of ovariectomized rats with BPA dose-dependently inhibits the estrogen-induced formation of dendritic spine synapses on pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Significant inhibitory effects of BPA were observed at a dose of only 40 microg/kg, below the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference daily limit for human exposure. Because synaptic remodeling has been postulated to contribute to the rapid effects of estrogen on hippocampus-dependent memory, these data suggest that environmental BPA exposure may interfere with the development and expression of normal sex differences in cognitive function, via inhibition of estrogen-dependent hippocampal synapse formation. It may also exacerbate the impairment of hippocampal function observed during normal aging, as endogenous estrogen production declines.

PMID: 15929888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effects of water and acetone-based dentin adhesives on apical microleakage.

J Contemp Dent Pract. 2004 May 15;5(2):93-101

Authors: Karadag LS, Bala O, T&#xFC;rköz E, Mihçioğlu T

In this study, the aim was to assess the in vitro apical microleakage of a resin-based sealer used with two different adhesives. Thirty nine freshly extracted maxillary incisors were used. The teeth were decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction with a water-cooled fissure bur. Chemo-mechanical debridement of the root canals was accomplished with the step-back technique. The smear layer was removed by 19% ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The roots were then divided into three experimental groups of thirteen teeth in each. Specimens in group 1 were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and water-based adhesive system (Syntac Single Component). Group 2 specimens were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and acetone-based dentin adhesive (Prime & Bond NT ). Specimens of group 3 were filled with only gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer (no adhesive was applied). The teeth were immersed into 2% methylene blue solution. Apical sealing qualities were assessed by measuring the linear dye penetration with a stereomicroscope. Dentin tubule penetration was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed no statistically significant difference between the materials used, however, the leakage in group 2 was less than group 1 and 3.

PMID: 15150637 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Apical and periapical repair of dogs' teeth with periapical lesions after endodontic treatment with different root canal sealers.

Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2003 Jan-Mar;17(1):69-74

Authors: Leonardo MR, Salgado AA, da Silva LA, Tanomaru Filho M

The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical and periapical repair after root canal treatment of dogs' teeth with pulp necrosis and chronic periapical lesion using different root canal sealers. After periapical lesion induction, forty-four root canals of 3 dogs were submitted to biomechanical preparation using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigating solution. A calcium hydroxide dressing (Calen PMCC) was applied for 15 days and the root canals were filled using the lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha points and Sealapex, AH Plus or Sealer Plus for sealing. After 180 days, the animals were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose and the obtained histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for optical microscopic analysis of the apical and periapical repair. The groups filled with Sealapex and AH Plus had better histological repair (p < 0.05) than the group filled with Sealer Plus, that had unsatisfactory results.

PMID: 12908063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the rat.

Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001 May;226(5):477-83

Authors: Long X, Burke KA, Bigsby RM, Nephew KP

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is used to produce polymers for production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins that are used in food containers and dental appliances. BPA binds to estrogen receptors and induces estrogenic activity in a number of biological systems. We recently reported that although Fisher 344 (F344) and Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rat strains exhibit different sensitivities to BPA at the level of vaginal epithelial cell proliferation, there was no difference in immediate early proto-oncogene expression between the two animal strains. In the present study we investigated the effects of BPA on expression of another estrogen-target gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in the uterus, vagina, and pituitary of F344 and S-D rats. Adult rats were ovariectomized and treated with BPA by intraperitoneal injection at concentrations of 0.02 to 150 mg/kg body wt. Expression of VEGF was monitored by RNase protection assay at 2 hr after treatment. There was a significant effect of dose of BPA on the type of VEGF isoform expressed in the uterus, vagina, and pituitary. BPA induced greater (P < 0.01) levels of VEGF164 and VEGF120+188 than VEGF110 levels. The lowest BPA dose that had a significant (P< 0.05) effect on VEGF expression compared with vehicle treatment was 37.5 mg/kg body wt.; dose-response curves did not differ between strains. This is the first report that the primary response of the uterus, vagina, and pituitary to BPA includes rapid induction of VEGF expression. Due to the capacity of VEGF to engage pleiotropic signaling pathways in other cellular systems, we suggest that modulation of VEFG may play a role in establishing the response of estrogen-target organs to estrogenic xenobiotics.

PMID: 11393178 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Crack initiation modes in bilayered alumina/porcelain disks as a function of core/veneer thickness ratio and supporting substrate stiffness.

J Dent Res. 2000 Jun;79(6):1398-404

Authors: Wakabayashi N, Anusavice KJ

We hypothesize that the fracture resistance of alumina core/porcelain veneer disks increases and that crack initiation shifts from veneer to core as the core/veneer thickness ratio (t(C)/t(V)) increases from 0.5/1.0 to 1.3/0.2, or as the elastic modulus of the supporting substrate (E(S)) to which it is resin-bonded increases from 5.1 to 226 GPa. When supported by a low-modulus substrate, disks with low t(C)/t(V) ratios exhibited cracks in the veneer and within the core, while those with high t(C)/t(V) ratios demonstrated core cracks, but not veneer cracks. None of the disks supported by Ni-Cr alloy (E = 226 GPa) exhibited core cracks. These results support the hypothesis that the crack initiation site shifts as the t(C)/t(V) ratio increases, but the increase in E(S) did not affect the crack initiation site. This study suggests that the t(C)/t(V) ratio is the dominant factor that controls the failure initiation site in bilayered ceramic disks.

PMID: 10890719 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Strain differences in vaginal responses to the xenoestrogen bisphenol A.

Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Mar;108(3):243-7

Authors: Long X, Steinmetz R, Ben-Jonathan N, Caperell-Grant A, Young PC, Nephew KP, Bigsby RM

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins; human exposure derives from leachate in foodstuffs packaged in certain plastics or from epoxy-based dental appliances. BPA stimulates prolactin secretion in Fischer 344 (F344) rats but not in Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. The present studies were performed to determine if another classic estrogen target tissue, the rat vagina, responds to BPA in a strain-specific manner. In F344 rats BPA increased DNA synthesis in vaginal epithelium with a median effective dose (ED(50)) of 37.5 mg/kg body weight; DNA synthesis was not stimulated in S-D rats by any dose tested. Clearance of (3)H-BPA from blood followed the same time course in both strains of rats, with a half-life of 90 min. Scatchard analysis of [(3)H]estradiol binding showed no strain differences in concentration or affinity of the vaginal estrogen receptor. BPA increased the level of mRNA for the immediate early gene, c-fos, with similar dose-response curves in both rat strains. Thus, F344 and S-D rats exhibit differences in sensitivity to BPA at the level of cell proliferation in the vaginal epithelium. However, metabolic clearance of BPA and the early events that lead to the proliferative response, receptor-ligand interaction and induction of immediate early genes, show no strain differences. These observations suggest that differences in intermediate effects must account for the difference in sensitivity of the proliferative response to the xenoestrogen. Furthermore, these results point to the need for caution in choosing a suitable end point and animal model when seeking to test the estrogenic effects of xenobiotics.

PMID: 10706531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Elements of light-cured epoxy-based dental polymer systems.

J Dent Res. 1998 Apr;77(4):603-8

Authors: Millich F, Jeang L, Eick JD, Chappelow CC, Pinzino CS

The greatest problem with current dental composite systems is their polymerization shrinkage. Extensive work is being done by many investigators to alleviate this problem. Our approach has been to examine epoxy- and spiro-orthocarbonate (SOC)-based resins. The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that the cure characteristics of experimental visible-light-cured epoxy resin systems are governed by the types and concentrations of co-reactants and activators. Resin samples containing onium salt initiators and a thiozanthone sensitizer were successfully cured by means of either an experimental visible-light irradiation system or a commercially available dental lamp. Test resins consisted of di-epoxies alone or in combination, epoxy mixtures in combination with an SOC, or an epoxy in combination with a caprolactone-derived polyol. Significant findings were as follows: (a) Resins containing the SOC had longer cure times than their counterparts; (b) the optimum ratios of epoxy to polyol for most rapid cure were 50:50 or 60:40 under conditions tested; (c) resins containing TONE 305 polyol generally were faster to cure than those containing no polyol, or TONES 201 or 310; and (d) a resin mixture was found that had a cure time of 1 to 3 min when irradiated with a commercial dental lamp. Based on this exploratory study, it should be possible for clinically relevant cure times to be achieved for visible-light-cured epoxy-based resins by careful manipulation and optimization of key elements.

PMID: 9539463 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

High-pressure replica technique for in vitro imaging of pore morphologies in teeth.

Adv Dent Res. 1997 Nov;11(4):467-71

Authors: Uchtmann H, Wilkie D

The presence of a natural pore morphology is an essential factor in chemical and mechanical stability of teeth. Common histological methods give only an insufficient picture of the three-dimensional pore distribution in sound or carious teeth. This paper describes a new technique to obtain complete images of the pore structure in teeth or other biological hard tissues. Whole extracted human teeth from orthodontic therapy are mechanically cleaned and organic remnants removed chemically. After being (partly) dried, the teeth are penetrated by a freshly prepared and colored (rhodamine B dye) two-component epoxy resin. The resin is pressed into the pores and cavities of the teeth with pressures of up to 2000 bar in a high-pressure vessel by means of a manually driven piston screw pump for pressure generation. The resin fills all hollow spaces of the tooth down to sizes below 0.1 micron. The pulp and the root canals are cast in massive forms of the hardened epoxy resin, giving an exact replica of the natural structure. The penetrated samples in the form of whole, intact teeth are investigated microscopically so that the pore morphology of the tooth surface, including carious defects, can be examined. The structure of the pores extending into the interior of the tooth can be made visible by dissolution of the hard tissue--for example, in acid solutions. Micro-cavities filled with the resin are observed in thin, ground, and polished cross- and longitudinal sections cut from the teeth. The colored resin induces a high contrast to the dental apatite material. In fluorescence microscopy, only the resin structures are visible.

PMID: 9470506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Current trends in dental composites.

Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1995;6(4):302-18

Authors: Ferracane JL

The clinical performance of dental composites has been significantly improved over the past decade through modifications in formulation that include: using more stable polymerization promoters for greater color stability; incorporating high concentrations of finely ground fillers to produce adequate strength and excellent wear resistance while retaining translucency; adding radiopacifying agents for improved diagnostics; and utilizing dentin adhesives. However, there are problems which limit the use of composites, especially in posterior teeth. The materials remain very technique-sensitive, due to the extensive contraction which accompanies polymerization and negatively influences marginal sealing. In addition, the materials are generally considered to have inadequate mechanical properties and wear resistance in contact areas to serve as total replacements for amalgams. Current efforts are focusing on several areas, including the development of non- or minimally-shrinking dental composites containing spiro-orthocarbonates as additives to dimethacrylates or epoxy-base resins, and the production of alternative filler materials for ideal wear resistance and esthetics. This paper reviews the composition and characteristics of current dental composites, as well as recent areas of study.

PMID: 8664421 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Light and transmission electron microscopy of the intact interfaces between non-submerged titanium-coated epoxy resin implants and bone or gingiva.

J Dent Res. 1992 Feb;71(2):364-71

Authors: Listgarten MA, Buser D, Steinemann SG, Donath K, Lang NP, Weber HP

This experiment was aimed at studying the intact tissue/implant interface of non-submerged dental implants with a titanium surface. Epoxy-resin replicas were fabricated from 3.05 x 8 mm cylindrical titanium implants with a plasma-sprayed apical portion and a smooth coronal collar. The replicas were coated with a 90-120-nm-thick layer of pure titanium and autoclaved. The coated replicas were inserted as non-submerged endosseous implants in the edentulous premolar region of dog mandibles and allowed to heal for three months. Jaw sections containing the implants were processed for light and electron microscopic study of the intact tissue/implant interface with and without prior demineralization. Gingival connective tissue fibers were closely adapted to the titanium layer, in an orientation more or less parallel to the implant surface. There was no evidence of any fiber insertions into the surface irregularities of the smooth or rough titanium surface. Undemineralized bone was intimately adapted to the titanium surface without any intervening space. In demineralized sections, the collagen fibers of the bone matrix tended to be somewhat thinner and occasionally less densely packed in the vicinity of the implant surface. However, they extended all the way to the titanium surface, without any intervening fibril-free layer.

PMID: 1556294 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4-META opaque resin--a new resin strongly adhesive to nickel-chromium alloy.

J Dent Res. 1981 Sep;60(9):1697-706

Authors: Tanaka T, Nagata K, Takeyama M, Atsuta M, Nakabayashi N, Masuhara E

1) A new adhesive opaque resin containing a reactive monomer, 4-methacryloxy-ethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), was prepared, and its application to thermosetting acrylic resin veneer crowns was studied. 2) The 4-META opaque resin was applied to a variety of nickel-chromium dental alloy specimens which had undergone different treatment, and endurance tests were conducted to evaluate the durability of adhesion. 3) Stable adhesion against water penetration was achieved with metal surfaces first etched with HCl and then oxidized with HNO3. A bond strength of 250 kg/cm2 was maintained even after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 30 wk or at 80 degrees C for ten wk. Furthermore, this value did not decrease even after the specimens were subjected to 500 thermal cycles. 4) The 4-META opaque resin studied can eliminate the necessity for retention devices on metal castings. 5) The smooth 4-META opaque resin should have no adverse effects on gingivae.

PMID: 7021620 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XVIII: synthesis of a polyfunctional surface-active comonomer.

J Dent Res. 1979 Mar;58(3):1101-7

Authors: Bowen RL

An oligomeric diglycidyl ether was allowed to react first with one mole of acrylic acid and then with one half mole of lithium o-aminobenzoate. The nature of the complex product was estimated by probability statistics. This appears to be the best method, so far, for synthesis of a PolySAC (poly-functional surface-active comonomer).

PMID: 370169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Modified in vivo replica technique for scanning electron microscopy.

J Dent Res. 1977 May;56(5):542

Authors: Condon GD, Harcourt JK

PMID: 267114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Stress analysis of three marginal configuration of full posterior crowns by three-dimensional photoelasticity.

J Dent Res. 1974 Sep-Oct;53(5):1219-25

Authors: Farah JW, Craig RG

PMID: 4529503 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Mental-sprayed dies: I. Dimensional accuracy--comparative study.

J Dent Res. 1970 May-Jun;49(3):475-9

Authors: Palmqvist S

PMID: 5269099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Stress pattern variations in operatively prepared human teeth, studied by three-dimensional photoelasticity.

J Dent Res. 1968 Jul-Aug;47(4):548-58

Authors: Johnson EW, Castaldi CR, Gau DJ, Wysocki GP

PMID: 5242979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Responses of epithelial-like cells in tissue culture to implant materials.

J Dent Res. 1967 Jan-Feb;46(1):248-52

Authors: Sisca RF, Thonard JC, Lower DA, George WA

PMID: 5226393 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tissue response of chick chorioallantoic membranes to dental implant materials.

J Dent Res. 1966 May-Jun;45(3):900-6

Authors: Thonard JC, Sisca RF, George WA, Lower DA

PMID: 5222493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Toxicity studies of cured epoxy resins.

J Dent Res. 1960 Sep-Oct;39:1072

Authors: KAPSIMALIS P

PMID: 13751364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Use of epoxy resins in restorative materials.

J Dent Res. 1956 Jun;35(3):360-9

Authors: BOWEN RL

PMID: 13332138 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]