Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of each component in Grossman's sealer.

Braz Oral Res. 2006 Apr-Jun;20(2):127-31

Authors: Savioli RN, Pecora JD, Mian H, Ito IY

The antimicrobial activity of Grossman's sealer and its components was evaluated on 13 different strains using the double layer well-diffusion method. Results revealed that Grossman's sealer presented antimicrobial activity against all the tested strains. Among the components of the cement, sodium tetraborate presented the greatest antimicrobial activity, both in type and diameter of the halo and ring of inhibition. Sealer powder, rosin, and eugenol presented similar activity, with no effect on P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Among these, only eugenol had an effect on E. coli. Zinc oxide was only active against S. sobrinus and E. coli. Barium sulfate and bismuth subcarbonate did not show any antimicrobial effect.

PMID: 16878205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Influence of apical patency and filling material on healing process of dogs' teeth with vital pulp after root canal therapy.

Braz Dent J. 2005;16(1):9-16

Authors: Holland R, Sant'Anna Júnior A, Souza V, Dezan Junior E, Otoboni Filho JA, Bernabé PF, Nery MJ, Murata SS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the periapical healing process of dogs' teeth with or without apical patency and after root canal filling with two types of sealers. Forty roots of premolars and incisors were utilized. The root canals were over-instrumented and dressed with a corticosteroid-antibiotic solution for 7 days to obtain ingrowth of periapical connective tissue into the canals. After this period, the tissue was removed in half of the specimens (groups with patency) and preserved in the other half (groups without patency). Canals were filled by lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha points and either a calcium hydroxide-based sealer (Sealer Plus) or a Grossman's cement (Fill Canal). The animals were killed by anesthetic overdose 60 days after the endodontic treatment and anatomic pieces were obtained and prepared for histologic examination. Data were evaluated in a blind analysis on the basis of several histomorphologic parameters. The groups without patency had better results (p=0.01) than those in which the ingrown connective tissue was removed. Comparing the sealers, Sealer Plus had significantly better results (p=0.01) than Fill Canal. In conclusion, both the apical patency (presence or absence) and the type of root canal filling material influenced the periapical healing process in dogs' teeth with vital pulp after root canal treatment. The use of a calcium hydroxide-based sealer in teeth without apical patency yielded the best results among the experimental conditions proposed.

PMID: 16113927 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Gastric phantom for training beginners in gastric segment (Stomap) recognition]

Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2003 Oct;59(10):1303-8

Authors: Nishimoto N, Horita K, Hosoi T, Ogasawara K

It is usually difficult for a beginner to understand precisely and quickly the three-dimensional (3D) construction of gastric lesions in a gastric X-ray examination with barium meal. In this study, a training-use stomach phantom was developed using the stomach segment to provide beginners with an understanding of 3D stomach construction. The hook-shaped phantom (the shape of the stomach when a patient is in the supine position) was formed by using styrene, wire, and clay. It was then coated with dental stiffening agent, and wires were attached along the stomach segment. After drying, the stomach phantom was cut off and the oil clay was removed. The phantom then was immersed in water and the oil clay was dried. After that, the phantom again was glued together with a dental stiffening agent. The usefulness of the phantom was determined by an evaluation experiment. Ten students, as observers, were selected randomly for evaluation from 40 students of the Department of Radiological Technology, College of Medical Technology, Hokkaido University. Eight films were shown to the observers, 4 films with segment and 4 films without segment. The observers checked 5 markers in different positions of the phantom and recorded the results on an answer sheet with segment picture. The significance of position recognition was identified by Wilcoxon's sign rank sum test (p=0.021) between the segment film and non-segment film.

PMID: 14646998 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Depth of cure and microleakage with high-intensity and ramped resin-based composite curing lights.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Sep;134(9):1215-23

Authors: Jain P, Pershing A

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a study to determine whether high-intensity curing lights in high and ramped intensity modes affect microleakage of resin-based composite restorations and whether different types of resin-based composites meet American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Specification no. 27 (1993): 7.7 for depth of cure when polymerized using these lights. METHODS: The authors compared five high-intensity lights, three plasma arc lights and two quartz-tungsten-halogen lights in their regular and ramped intensity modes with a quartz-tungsten-halogen 40-second light. The parameters tested were microleakage one month after bonding and curing depth for different resin-based composite types. The authors measured curing depth using a scratch test. RESULTS: Light curing with Optilux 501 (Kerr/Demetron, Orange, Calif.) for 10 seconds and ADT Power PAC (American Dental Technologies, Corpus Christi, Texas) for 10 seconds resulted in higher microleakage values than light curing with other lights (P < .05). The microhybrid resin-based composite was the only material that met the specification when light cured with all of the lights tested. The flowable resin-based composite did not meet the specification when light cured with all lights tested. Microhybrid resin-based composite had the greatest depth of cure, and flowable resin-based composite had the least depth of cure. CONCLUSIONS: Microhybrid resin-based composite microleakage is affected by some light-curing modes. Different categories of resin-based composites are cured to different depths using high-intensity lights. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Light curing with some high-intensity lights compared with halogen lights may result in higher microleakage values. Use caution when light curing flowable resin-based composite with the high-intensity lights. Place increments less than 2 millimeters in depth when using this material.

PMID: 14528993 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ current and Cl- current in rat dental pulp cells.

Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2000 May;41(2):35-42

Authors: Shibukawa Y, Suzuki T

We characterized a voltage-dependent ionic current in dental pulp cells on dental pulp slices using a nystatin perforated-patch recording configuration. The outward currents in dental pulp cells were inhibited by the following channel blockers: 1) Ca(2+)-free extracellular solution containing 10 mM Ba2+, 2) extracellular 400 nM apamin and 3) extracellular 300 nM 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). On the other hand, 15 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) did not inhibit the outward currents. The inhibitory effects of Ca(2+)-free extracellular solution, apamin and DIDS had voltage-dependency. These results indicated that dental pulp cells expressed a small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (SK current) and a DIDS-sensitive Cl- current. The functional significance of these channels is discussed.

PMID: 11212577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluorosis risks to resident hispid cotton rats on land-treatment facilities for petrochemical wastes.

J Wildl Dis. 2000 Oct;36(4):636-45

Authors: Rafferty DP, Lochmiller RL, Kim S, Qualls CW, Schroder J, Basta N, McBee K

Land-treatment of petroleum wastes is a widely used industrial practice, yet there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the long-term risks to human or terrestrial ecosystems from such practices. We evaluated cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) populations on three sites in Oklahoma (USA) that historically used land-treatment for disposal of various petroleum wastes (July 1995-March 1997). Average concentrations of fluoride in soil from these sites ranged from 878 to 4317 mg/kg. A census of resident cotton rats on land-treatment sites revealed a high incidence (40% overall) of dental lesions compared to reference populations (<1% dental lesions). During winter there was a 34% to 65% increase compared to summer in frequency of dental lesions in cotton rats on two of the three land-treatment sites. Incidence of dental lesions on two land-treatment sites was greater (9-16%) in female cotton rats compared to males. Cotton rats from land-treatment sites had higher concentrations of fluoride in bone and greater severity of dental lesions compared to reference animals. Dental lesions were considered to be most consistent with dental fluorosis because of elevated fluoride in bone. Neither concentration of fluoride in soil nor level of fluoride in bone was a good predictor of severity of dental lesions in cotton rats on land-treatment sites.

PMID: 11085424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Risk factors for infective endocarditis: oral hygiene and nondental exposures.

Circulation. 2000 Dec 5;102(23):2842-8

Authors: Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D

BACKGROUND: The risks of infective endocarditis (IE) associated with various conditions and procedures are poorly defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a population-based case-control study conducted in 54 Philadelphia, Pa-area hospitals from 1988 to 1990. Community-acquired IE cases unassociated with intravenous drug use were compared with matched community residents. Subjects were interviewed for risk factors. Diagnoses were confirmed by expert review of medical record abstracts with risk factor data removed. Cases were more likely than controls to suffer from prior severe kidney disease (adjusted OR [95% CI]=16.9 [1.5 to 193], P:=0.02) and diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR [95% CI]=2.7 [1.4 to 5.2], P:=0.004). Cases infected with skin flora had received intravenous fluids more often (adjusted OR [95% CI]=6.7 [1.1 to 41], P:=0.04) and had more often had a previous skin infection (adjusted OR [95% CI]=3.5 [0.7 to 17], P:=0.11). No association was seen with pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, or genitourinary procedures or with surgery. Edentulous patients had a lower risk of IE from dental flora than patients who had teeth but did not floss. Daily flossing was associated with a borderline decreased IE risk. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the available sample size, the data showed that IE patients differ from people without IE with regard to certain important risk factors but not regarding recent procedures.

PMID: 11104742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The dental team and latex hypersensitivity. ADA Council on Scientific Affairs.

J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Feb;130(2):257-64

Authors:

BACKGROUND: In the late 1980s, there were notable increases in reports of allergic reactions to natural rubber latex, or NRL, particularly in association with barium enema procedures and medical procedures performed on children with spina bifida. These reports also raised awareness of the growing concern about NRL allergy in both patients and health care workers. DESCRIPTION OF THE DISORDER: This report by the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs summarizes the signs and symptoms of NRL protein allergy, allergic contact dermatitis and irritant dermatitis; offers information on means to diagnose these conditions definitively; and suggests means of reducing occupational exposure to the causative allergens and irritants in the dental office. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Reducing health care workers' occupational exposure may assist in minimizing adverse reactions associated with frequent wearing of gloves. The Council on Scientific Affairs will address issues relating to latex hypersensitivity among patients in a future report.

PMID: 10036850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Potassium and chloride channels in freshly isolated rat odontoblasts.

J Dent Res. 1998 Feb;77(2):341-50

Authors: Guo L, Davidson RM

It has been suggested that understanding the physiological properties of odontoblasts may be important in understanding the mechanisms underlying both metabolic and transductive processes in dental pulp. Because ion flux(es) may play a critical role in these events, it is of particular interest to understand ionic mechanisms in odontoblast cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to use patch-clamp recording techniques to examine the properties of resident ion channels in freshly dissociated odontoblasts. In recordings made in potassium-rich solutions, cells displayed at least three distinct channel amplitudes, with conductances of 130 +/- 18 pS, 52 +/- 4 pS, and 25 +/- 2 pS, respectively. Channel activity persisted in the presence of potassium salts of impermeant anions, and could be abolished by barium, a non-specific potassium channel blocker. In addition to the potassium conductances, we saw two separate anion channels in the odontoblast membrane. These channels were predominantly chloride-selective, weakly permeable to both acetate and aspartate, and had conductances of 391 +/- 64 pS and 24 +/- 3 pS. While questions remain regarding the functional role of these and other ion channels that presumably reside in the odontoblast membrane, our results demonstrate that it is possible to study ionic mechanisms of the odontoblast at the level of the single cell.

PMID: 9465166 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Filler leachability of composites stored in distilled water or artificial saliva.

J Dent Res. 1996 Sep;75(9):1692-9

Authors: S&#xF6;derholm KJ, Mukherjee R, Longmate J

Though dental composite materials leach filler elements when stored in distilled water, it is not known whether similar leaching occurs in saliva. The hypothesis to be tested was that due to ion exchange occurring at the filler surfaces, more filler elements leach from composites stored in a salt solution simulating saliva than from composites stored in distilled water. Another aim was to determine how matrix selection, filler composition, and filler silanization affect filler leachability of composites after storage in the simulated saliva and water media. We made 128 batches of experimental composites. Half of these used a bis-GMA/TEGDMA matrix and the other a UEDMA/TEGDMA matrix. Either silica or barium glass filler particles were incorporated into these matrices. Filler silanization was followed by a filler drying at 60 degrees C for 24 h. Half of the silanized particles received an additional heat treatment for 1 h at 110 degrees C in vacuum. One specimen per batch was stored in distilled water and the other in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. After each 30-day interval for one year, the specimens were transferred to either freshly distilled water or newly mixed artificial saliva. The "old" solutions were analyzed by ICP for determination of the Si, Ba, and Al concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed that storage solution, filler composition, and total time in the storage solution had strong effects on the leachability (p < 0.0001 in all cases). The average monthly leakage of Si for quartz-filled composites was 0.22 +/- 0.20 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 2.80 +/- 1.20 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). For barium-glass-filled composites, the corresponding Si leaching values were 0.73 +/- 0.48 microgram/mL and 5.00 +/- 2.20 microgram/mL. The monthly means of the barium leaching values were 2.00 +/- 1.00 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 3.10 +/- 1.80 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). The large difference between leaching in artificial saliva and in distilled water, as well as the interaction between storage medium and filler, cast doubt on the clinical relevance of in vitro studies using distilled water.

PMID: 8952623 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evaluating the antagonistic wear of restorative materials when placed against human enamel.

J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Jan;127(1):74-80

Authors: Suzuki S, Suzuki SH, Cox CF

Several clinical and laboratory studies have reported data on the nature of tooth wear against restorative materials (that is, amalgam, gold, glass ceramic and various composite resin systems). Several antagonistic substrates are known to cause various in vitro wear rates when placed in opposition to enamel. In this study, the authors evaluated 10 commercially available posterior composite resin systems and a gold alloy control. The findings showed that posterior composite resins containing zirconium silicate or quartz fillers caused greater antagonistic enamel wear than did microfilled or barium silicate-filled composite resins.

PMID: 8568101 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Relationship between attachment of the superficial masseter muscle and craniofacial morphology in dentate and edentulous humans.

J Dent Res. 1994 Jun;73(6):1142-9

Authors: Kasai K, Richards LC, Kanazawa E, Ozaki T, Iwasawa T

Previous studies have described the importance of the interaction between the masticatory muscles and the craniofacial skeleton in the control of craniofacial growth. This study describes the attachment and orientation of the superficial masseter muscle and its relationship with craniofacial morphology in dentate and edentulous subjects. Data were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a total of 31 cadavers in which the superficial masseter muscle had been defined with liquid barium. The results provide evidence that the morphology of the superficial masseter muscle in the gonion region differed significantly between dentate and edentulous subjects, with the masseter being 2.7 mm wider and the gonion-anterior muscle border distance being 4.0 mm greater in dentate subjects. The complex relationship between craniofacial morphology and the dimensions and inclination of the superficial masseter muscle were most clearly evident in dentate subjects where the position of the anterior border was related to ramus dimensions and mandibular and occlusal plane angles. The association is much less clear in edentulous subjects where normal function was disturbed. In general, age was not a significant determinant of variation in superficial masseter muscle dimensions and orientation.

PMID: 8046102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Subsurface demineralization in dental enamel and other permeable solids during acid dissolution.

J Dent Res. 1992 Aug;71(8):1473-81

Authors: Anderson P, Elliott JC

Subsurface demineralization of dental enamel during acid dissolution has been reported many times, but its cause remains obscure. At first, the phenomenon was thought to result from the physical structure of enamel. More recent studies have shown that subsurface demineralization occurs in other permeable solids, indicating that there must be more fundamental factors involved in this curious effect. In order for this phenomenon to be investigated, dissolution experiments were carried out by means of real-time scanning microradiography in various systems, including enamel, or aggregates of hydroxyapatite (calcium, strontium, or barium), or hydroxides (calcium or magnesium). These were chosen to discriminate between effects of structure and composition. It was found that it was not possible for the demineralization observed in these systems to be attributed to a common feature. From this, it is concluded that subsurface demineralization in enamel and other mineralized tissues should not be ascribed to a single cause.

PMID: 1324261 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Solvent degradation and reduced fracture toughness in aged composites.

J Dent Res. 1992 Jan;71(1):13-9

Authors: Ferracane JL, Marker VA

Qartz- and barium-glass-filled composites aged for more than one year in ethanol experienced a significant reduction in fracture toughness (K1c), essentially identical to that experienced after two months of aging. This reduction is mainly attributed to a softening of the resin matrix, but cracking within the resin and at the filler/matrix interface, as revealed by SEM microscopy, may also have contributed. No significant cracking could be seen in the composites aged in water. Composites post-cured at temperatures approaching their glass-transition temperature also experienced a reduction in K1c after alcohol storage. Storage in water for one year had little effect on the K1c of composites cured at oral temperatures, but a significant increase was observed for those post-cured at elevated temperatures. This increase is difficult to explain, but appears to involve a filler/matrix interfacial phenomenon, because it was not observed in the unfilled resin. The results of this study demonstrate that an alteration in the fracture resistance and some degradation of the filler/matrix interface, as has been observed clinically, occur after long-term exposure of dental composites to certain solvents used as food-simulating liquids.

PMID: 1531485 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Influence of filler type and water exposure on flexural strength of experimental composite resins.

J Dent Res. 1988 May;67(5):836-40

Authors: Calais JG, S&#xF6;derholm KJ

The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of water exposure on the flexural strength of three experimental composite materials. The composites consisted of an experimental resin system which contained silane-treated filler particles of quartz, barium glass, and porous silica. The amorphous silica particles were spheres approximately 5 micron in diameter. In addition to the different composites, pure resin samples were investigated as a control group. The results of this investigation did not support the hypothesis that use of porous amorphous silica filler particles reduced the hydrolytic degradation effect of composites containing such silica particles. Instead, the results indicated that water may have a more detrimental effect on the strength of the matrix than on the filler-matrix interface. However, the relatively high frequency of fracture lines in the porous silica particles after storage in water indicate that water had a weakening effect on this type of filler.

PMID: 2835405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

An investigation into the fracture behavior of a particulate-filled bis-GMA resin.

J Dent Res. 1987 Jun;66(6):1128-33

Authors: Davis DM, Waters NE

Dental composites are being increasingly used to restore occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. If these restorations are not to fracture in service, an understanding of their fracture behavior is essential. The fracture parameter used is the stress-intensity factor at crack instability (KIC). This has been calculated by means of the double-torsion test in a mechanical testing machine. The fracture behavior of the composite was studied by varying: the amount of filler (7%, 15%, 26%, and 41% by volume); the surface treatment of the filler (coated or uncoated); the environment (air and water); and the cross-head rate (0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 mm/min). Fracture was found to occur in either a continuous (stable) or stick-slip (unstable) manner. The stick-slip behavior was due to blunting of the crack tip, which was controlled by the yield behavior. When there was no significant blunting, continuous crack growth occurred. An unique relationship was found to exist between the yield stress and the stress-intensity factor for all conditions of testing.

PMID: 2957401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Water sorption and filler characteristics of composites for use in posterior teeth.

J Dent Res. 1986 Nov;65(11):1315-8

Authors: Oysaed H, Ruyter IE

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the water sorption and solubility, as well as the filler composition and extent of chemical degradation in water, of eight different posterior composites. With one exception, the materials with the largest quantity of fillers had the least water sorption and solubility after three months in water at 37 degrees C. The emission spectroscopy results showed that silicon was the major element in all the fillers except one, which had both silicon and strontium as major elements. Other components registered in quantities of 5-10 wt-% were barium, aluminum, zinc, and zirconium. The leaching of inorganic ions into water from the fillers varied depending on filler composition and filler treatment.

PMID: 3478390 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of filler content and size on properties of composites.

J Dent Res. 1985 Dec;64(12):1396-401

Authors: Li Y, Swartz ML, Phillips RW, Moore BK, Roberts TA

Two series of dental composites, along with the unfilled resin matrix, were examined to determine the effects of filler level and size on selected properties. Both series were prepared by incorporating a silanated barium borosilicate filler into a visible-light-activated polyphenylene polymethacrylate resin matrix. One series had a filler particle size of 2 microns, with filler levels of 20, 40, 45, 50, and 53% (vol). The second series contained a 15-microns filler in amounts of 20, 40, 50, 60, and 65% (vol). Tests conducted included: depth of cure as evaluated by hardness, water sorption, compressive strength, stress-strain behavior under slow compression, toothbrush abrasion, and wear by hydroxyapatite. Analysis of the data indicated that increased filler levels resulted in increased hardness, compressive strength and stiffness, and decreased water sorption. Also, there was a slight trend toward improved depth of cure. Incorporation of the 2-microns filler decreased the abrasion resistance of the resins to toothbrushing as compared with the unfilled resin, while addition of the 15-microns filler improved resistance. All filled resins exhibited a significant improvement in resistance to wear by hydroxyapatite as compared with the unfilled resin. There was a trend for increased wear with increased filler level. The particle size of the filler appeared to have a moderate influence on the properties. When compared with 15-microns filled resins of the same filler levels, the 2-micron filled series appeared to have inferior properties in terms of depth of cure, compressive strength, water sorption, and resistance to toothbrush abrasion. Properties which were less affected by particle size were hardness, stiffness, and wear resistance to hydroxyapatite.

PMID: 3001160 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Hydrolytic degradation of dental composites.

J Dent Res. 1984 Oct;63(10):1248-54

Authors: S&#xF6;derholm KJ, Zigan M, Ragan M, Fischlschweiger W, Bergman M

The leakage of filler elements from four composites after storage in water was investigated by use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results confirmed previous findings that leaching of silicon from different composites is strongly dependent on filler composition. Consideration of the total filler surface of each composite material indicated that quartz as well as pyrolytic silica-containing composites leached less silicon than did composites containing fillers of strontium and/or barium glasses. A correlation between leakage and crack formation in the matrix appeared to exist for all composites except for the microfilled resin. These cracks were explained as a result of osmotic pressure built up at the matrix-filler interface due to hydrolytic degradation of the filler. Of the investigated materials, the microfilled resin was found to be the most stable material in a wet environment with respect to crack formation. This finding was explained by filler composition, filler form, and the specific structure of the microfilled resin.

PMID: 6592209 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Glass ceramics as composite fillers.

J Dent Res. 1974 Nov-Dec;53(6):1342-5

Authors: M&#xFC;ller G

PMID: 4529922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical evaluation of a radiopaque composite restorative material after three and a half years.

J Dent Res. 1973 Sep-Oct;52(5):1128-37

Authors: Chandler HH, Bowen RL, Paffenbarger GC, Mullineaux AL

PMID: 4582467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

An experimental radiopaque composite material.

J Dent Res. 1973 Jul-Aug;52(4):731-9

Authors: Barton JA, Burns CL, Chandler HH, Bowen RL

PMID: 4352581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Barium sulfate--a method for symmetry analysis.

J Dent Res. 1971 Mar-Apr;50(2):374-7

Authors: Chafekar V, Cleall JF

PMID: 5290874 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

X-ray-opaque reinforcing fillers for composite materials.

J Dent Res. 1969 Jan-Feb;48(1):79-82

Authors: Bowen RL, Cleek GW

PMID: 5252105 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]