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Antibacterial properties of four endodontic sealers.
J Endod. 2008 Jun;34(6):735-8
Authors: Slutzky-Goldberg I, Slutzky H, Solomonov M, Moshonov J, Weiss EI, Matalon S
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of root canal sealers. The direct contact test (DCT) was used to assess the antibacterial properties of AH plus, Apexit Plus, Epiphany SE, and RoekoSeal when in contact with Enterococcus faecalis. The materials were examined immediately after setting and 1, 2, 7, and 14 days after aging in phosphate-buffered-saline. Statistical analysis with two-way analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey multiple comparison was applied to the data. Apexit Plus had a short-term antibacterial effect of 1 day on E. faecalis, whereas Epiphany SE enhanced bacterial growth for at least 7 days. AH plus and RoekoSeal were ineffective.
PMID: 18498902 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bacterial penetration along different root canal filling materials in the presence or absence of smear layer.
Int Endod J. 2008 Jan;41(1):32-40
Authors: Saleh IM, Ruyter IE, Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D
AIM: To study the effect of the smear layer on the penetration of bacteria along different root canal filling materials and to examine the dentine/sealer and sealer/core material interfaces for the presence of bacteria. METHODOLOGY: A total of 110 human root segments were instrumented to size 80 under irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Half of the roots were irrigated with a 5-mL rinse of 17% EDTA. Roots with and without smear layer were filled with gutta-percha (GP) and AH Plus sealer (AH), GP and Apexit sealer (AP), or RealSeal cones and sealer (RS). Following storage in humid conditions at 37 degrees C for 7 days, the specimens were mounted into a bacterial leakage test model for 135 days. Survival analyses were performed to calculate the median time of leakage and log-rank test was used for pairwise comparisons of groups. The level of significance was set at P = 0.05. Selected specimens were longitudinally sectioned and inspected by scanning electron microscopy for the presence of bacteria at the interfaces. RESULTS: In the presence of the smear layer, RS and AP leaked significantly more slowly than in its absence. In the absence of the smear layer, AH leaked significantly more slowly than RS. SEM results indicated a differential pattern of bacterial penetration among the sealers. CONCLUSIONS: Removal of the smear layer did not impair bacterial penetration along root canal fillings. A comparison of the sealers revealed no difference except that AH performed better than RS in the absence of the smear layer.
PMID: 17916071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of root canal sealers on mouse peritoneal macrophage functions.
Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2007;52(1):95-8
Authors: Brekalo I, Pezelj-Ribarić S, Abram M, Ahel V
Three root canal filling materials, viz. calcium hydroxide-based cement (Apexit, resin-based cement (AH-plus) and glass-ionomer based material (Ketac Endo) were tested for their influence on several functions of peritoneal macrophages from Balb/c mice. Macrophage functions were evaluated by the adherence, phagocytic, candidacidal and Nitro blue tetrazolium-dye assays. Ketac-Endo enhanced all macrophage functions in the first 2 d (p < or = 0.05), when compared to the positive control, but this effect had changed after 7 and 14 d, causing inhibition of these functions. Other materials suppressed substrate adherence capacity and phagocytosis, while significantly stimulating macrophage microbicidal activity (p < or = 0.05) in a time-dependent manner.
PMID: 17571804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cytotoxicity of new resin-, calcium hydroxide- and silicone-based root canal sealers on fibroblasts derived from human gingiva and L929 cell lines.
Int Endod J. 2007 May;40(5):329-37
Authors: Eldeniz AU, Mustafa K, Ørstavik D, Dahl JE
AIM: To assess ex vivo the cytotoxic effects of five new root canal sealers (RC Sealer, Epiphany, EndoREZ, GuttaFlow and Acroseal) and three existing products (AH Plus, RoekoSeal and Apexit) using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and a mouse fibroblast cell line, L929. METHODOLOGY: Eight samples of each sealer were fabricated in sterile cylindrical Teflon blocks, 4.4 mm diameter and 2 mm height and then divided into two groups, fresh and aged specimens. Extraction of fresh specimens was carried out after setting whilst aged specimens were placed in Petri dishes and kept in a humid chamber at 37 degrees C for 7 days before extraction in cell culture medium using the ratio 1.25 cm(2) mL(-1). Undiluted eluates were used for the dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with HGF and L-929. Morphology of HGF cells was also examined by an inverted microscope using undiluted eluates of the sealers. The results were analysed using a two-tailed t-test (alpha = 0.05) between groups. RESULTS: Resin-based (Epiphany and EndoREZ) and calcium hydroxide-based (Apexit and Acroseal) sealers were significantly more cytotoxic than other sealers (P<0.05). However, L929 cells were more sensitive to Apexit and EndoREZ than HGF cells. RC Sealer showed mild cytotoxicity to HGF at both setting times. AH Plus did not exert any cytotoxic effect to HGF and aged specimens appeared to induce cellular proliferation. RoekoSeal and GuttaFlow also demonstrated mild cytotoxicity. GuttaFlow was slightly more cytotoxic to both cultures, especially when tested fresh. CONCLUSIONS: Toxicity varied but RC Sealer and GuttaFlow were the least toxic new sealers.
PMID: 17309743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Influence of moisture on the apical seal of root canal fillings with five different types of sealer.
J Endod. 2007 Jan;33(1):31-3
Authors: Roggendorf MJ, Ebert J, Petschelt A, Frankenberger R
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of moisture on apical leakage using five different types of sealer. There were 120 single-rooted teeth instrumented to .02/#60 and randomly assigned to 10 experimental groups, one control group (AH Plus, lateral condensation) (n = 10) or positive/negative controls (n = 5). Before obturation teeth were dried thoroughly, followed by recontamination with moisture in a wet chamber (moist groups; 37 degrees C for 7 days). The teeth of the experimental groups (a, dry; b, moist) were obturated with sealer (groups 1, AH Plus; 2, Apexit; 3, Ketac-Endo; 4, RoekoSeal; 5, Tubli-Seal) and a single gutta-percha cone .02/#55. Teeth were centrifuged (30 x g for 3 minutes) in 5% methylene blue. Linear dye penetration was measured under a stereomicroscope. Moisture led to less microleakage for Apexit, RoekoSeal, and Tubli-Seal and higher values for AH Plus and Ketac-Endo. Multifactorial ANOVA displayed a significant dependence of leakage on sealer (p < 0.001) and the combination sealer or moisture (p < 0.01). It depends on the sealer type in which way moisture affects the apical seal.
PMID: 17185125 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The effect of temperature on viscosity of root canal sealers.
Int Endod J. 2006 Nov;39(11):860-6
Authors: Lacey S, Pitt Ford TR, Yuan XF, Sherriff M, Watson T
AIM: To test the hypothesis that there was no significant (alpha = 0.05) change in viscosity of commercially available root canal sealers with increase in temperature using a high-performance Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) rheometer. METHODOLOGY: Materials tested were Apexit, Tubliseal EWT, Grossman's, AH Plus and Ketac-endo. Cone-and-plate geometry was used (25-mm diameter, 0.1 radian and gap 0.051 mm). Measurements were carried out for steady-state viscosity at 25 and 37 degrees C in the shear rate range of 0.001-50 s(-1) at standardized relative humidity and within 30 min from the start of mixing. Five samples were taken for each sealer at each temperature. RESULTS: At 25 degrees C all sealers demonstrated shear thinning. At 37 degrees C Grossman's (powder : liquid ratio 2 : 1 and 3 : 1) and Ketac-endo had a rapid rise in viscosity and early set whereas the other sealers were shear thinning. On increasing temperature from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C, Apexit, Tubliseal and AH Plus had reduced viscosity whereas Grossman's 2 : 1, Grossman's 3 : 1 and Ketac-endo had increased viscosity, which varied with the shear rate. The change in viscosity with change in temperature was significant (P < 0.05) for all sealers except AH Plus. CONCLUSIONS: There was a variation in the effect of increasing temperature on each sealer depending on the shear rate. With the exception of AH Plus, a significant (P < 0.05) change in viscosity was found, and the null hypothesis was rejected.
PMID: 17014523 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Presence of pores and vacuoles in set endodontic sealers.
Int Endod J. 2005 Oct;38(10):690-6
Authors: Mutal L, Gani O
AIM: To assess qualitatively the presence of pores and vacuoles in the structure of various endodontic sealers when set. METHODOLOGY: Eight specimens were prepared in keeping with Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales (IRAM) and ISO regulations for each of the 10 sealers assessed. Four specimens per sealer were examined to identify the presence of structural defects, termed pores, on the external surface. The remaining four specimens were used to examine the presence of defects on the surface exposed by cross-sectional fracture; these were termed vacuoles. The largest and smallest diameters of the pores and vacuoles were measured by scanning electron microscope on both surfaces. The structural defects were classified according to their frequency as abundant, frequent, scarce or exceptional. RESULTS: Pores and vacuoles were consistently found in every specimen of each sealer. However, their frequency and dimensions were greater in zinc-eugenol-based sealers than in epoxy-resins and glass-ionomer sealers; they increased if the sealer contained calcium hydroxide. The diameter of the pores ranged from 5 to 320 microm and the diameter of the vacuoles ranged from 80 to 500 microm. The diameter of the vacuoles always exceeded that of the pores. CONCLUSIONS: Pores and vacuoles were a consistent finding in set sealers. Their frequency and size depended on the density of the sealer and increased when the sealers contained calcium hydroxide.
PMID: 16164682 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Obturation quality after four years of storage using the non-instrumentation technique.
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(5):431-6
Authors: Portmann P, Imwinkelried S, Lussi A
The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the sealing quality of three root canal filling materials after four years of ageing. Obturation with the non-instrumentation technique (NIT) was compared with cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha. Seventy-six canals were endodontically treated with traditional hand instrumentation and cold lateral condensation (control) whereas 77 canals were cleansed and obturated with NIT Three different sealers were used: AH 26, AH Plus and Apexit. After obturation, the teeth were stored for four years at 37 degrees C. Coronal dye penetration was evaluated after the teeth were made transparent. The teeth cleansed and filled with the new method showed significantly less dye penetration than the hand-instrumented teeth (p < 0.001). Within the hand-obturated group, Apexit showed significantly more dye penetration (4.7 +/- 0.71 mm) (p < 0.01) than AH Plus (1.83 +/- 0.57 mm) or AH 26 (1.16 +/- 0.4 mm). No significant differences were found within the NIT groups. This study showed NIT to produce root canal fillings with significantly less coronal leakage compared to the conventional technique after four years of storage in vitro.
PMID: 15960452 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Short-term antibacterial activity of root canal sealers towards Enterococcus faecalis.
Int Endod J. 2005 Jul;38(7):483-8
Authors: Kayaoglu G, Erten H, Alaçam T, Ørstavik D
AIM: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers on Enterococcus faecalis, either allowing or avoiding direct contact between sealers and bacteria. METHODOLOGY: Filter paper discs were immersed in standardized E. faecalis suspensions and exposed to freshly mixed sealers (MCS, AH Plus, Grossman's sealer, Sealapex, Apexit) in teflon wells for 30 min, with or without a filter membrane placed between filter paper discs and sealers (membrane-restricted contact test and direct contact test, respectively). After exposure, the filter paper discs were transferred to vials containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and glass beads, and vigorously vortexed. PBS with resuspended bacterial cells was serially diluted and 25 microL droplets were seeded on TSA plates. The plates were incubated in air at 37 degrees C for 24 h and colony-forming units were counted. Using alpha = 0.05 as level for statistical significance, the data obtained were analysed using Student's t-test. RESULTS: In the direct contact test, MCS and AH Plus killed the bacteria to a level below the detection limit. They were followed in decreasing order of efficacy by Grossman's sealer, Sealapex and Apexit. In the membrane-restricted contact test, the sealers ranked: MCS, AH Plus, Grossman's sealer, Apexit and Sealapex, in descending order of antibacterial potency. MCS, AH Plus and Grossman's sealer significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria in both tests. Sealapex and Apexit were not statistically different from control. CONCLUSIONS: MCS, AH Plus and Grossman's sealer were effective in reducing the number of cultivable cells of E. faecalis. Calcium hydroxide-based sealers, Sealapex and Apexit were ineffective in this short-term experiment.
PMID: 15946270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules after root canal filling with different root canal sealers in vitro.
Int Endod J. 2004 Mar;37(3):193-8
Authors: Saleh IM, Ruyter IE, Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D
AIM: To investigate the ability of different endodontic sealers and calcium hydroxide to kill bacteria in experimentally infected dentinal tubules. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-six human root segments were enlarged to size 2 (ISO size 090) Largo Peeso Reamer. After treatment with 17% EDTA and 5% NaOCl for 4 min each, the specimens were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks. The roots were divided into eight groups and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus (AH); Grossman's sealer (GS); Ketac-Endo (KE); Apexit (AP); RoekoSeal Automix (RSA); or RoekoSeal Automix with an experimental primer (RP), or calcium hydroxide (CH) only. One group of specimens was left unfilled for control (CT). Following storage in humid conditions at 37 degrees C for 7 days, the root canals were re-established with new sterile Largo size 2. Dentine samples from each canal were then collected using a sterile size 5 (ISO size 150) Largo Peeso Reamer. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined for each sample. RESULTS: The mean log10 CFU in all test groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the CT group. Root filling with AH and GS killed bacteria (mean CFU = 0) in the dentinal tubules. The mean log10 CFU for the CH group (0.53) was lower than that of RSA, AP, RP and KE (1.36, 1.40, 1.46 and 1.94, respectively), but only the difference between the CH and the KE groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Root fillings in vitro with gutta-percha and AH or GS were effective in killing E. faecalis in dentinal tubules. Other endodontic sealers, as well as CH, were less effective.
PMID: 15009409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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