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galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy.
Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia.


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PubmedAcromegaly presenting as cardiac failure.
Authors:  Anumah F, Danbauchi S, Garko S
Journal: Ethn Dis

PubmedDrugs and prolactin.
Authors:  Molitch ME
Journal: Pituitary

PubmedGalactorrhea and amenorrhea in burn patients.
Authors:  Goyal N, Gore MA, Shankar R
Journal: Burns

PubmedSustained Clinical Inactivity and Stabilization of GH/IGF-1 Levels in an Acromegalic Patient after Discontinuation of Somatostatin Analogue Treatment.
Authors:  Avramidis A, Polyzos SA, Efstathiadou Z, Kita M
Journal: Endocr J

PubmedCerebrospinal fluid galactorrhea: A rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunting.
Authors:  Lee SC, Chen JF, Tu PH, Lee ST
Journal: J Clin Neurosci

PubmedEffectiveness and safety of levosulpiride in the treatment of dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia.
Authors:  Lozano R, Concha MP, Montealegre A, de Leon L, Villalba JO, Esteban HL, Cromeyer M, García JR, Brossa A, Lluberes G, Sandí EI, Quirós HB
Journal: Ther Clin Risk Manag

PubmedA case with euprolactinemic galactorrhea induced by escitalopram.
Authors:  Gulsun M, Algul A, Semiz UB, Ates MA, Doruk A, Ebrinc S, Basoglu C, Cetin M
Journal: Int J Psychiatry Med

PubmedOvarian hyperstimulation syndrome caused by an FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma.
Authors:  Cooper O, Geller JL, Melmed S
Journal: Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab

PubmedGynaecomastia in a man and hyperoestrogenism in a woman due to ingestion of nettle (Urtica dioica).
Authors:  Sahin M, Yilmaz H, Gursoy A, Demirel AN, Tutuncu NB, Guvener ND
Journal: N Z Med J

Pubmed[The diagnostic value of macroprolactin in hyperprolactinemia]
Authors:  Dzeranova LK, Goncharov NP, Dobracheva AD, Kolesnikova GS, Giniiatullina EN, Mel'nichenko GA
Journal: Klin Lab Diagn

PubmedExpression of adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and transcriptional factors in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.
Authors:  Kageyama K, Ikeda H, Nigawara T, Sakihara S, Suda T
Journal: Endocr J

PubmedAn intrasellar rhabdomyosarcoma misdiagnosed as pituitary adenoma.
Authors:  Zhong J, Li ST, Yao XH, Jin B, Wan L
Journal: Surg Neurol

Pubmed[Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma revealed by a pituitary gland diffusion]
Authors:  Ben Ghorbel I, Ennaifer R, Haouet S, Khanfir M, Lamloum M, Miled M, Houman MH
Journal: Rev Med Interne

PubmedSynchronous endometrial carcinoma and a macroprolactinoma: exploring a causal relationship.
Authors:  Sharma A, Sharma MS, De Padua M, Jha UP, Jha AN
Journal: Oncology

PubmedAn unusual case of galactorrhea in a postmenopausal woman complicating breast reduction.
Authors:  Majdak-Paredes EJ, Shafighi M, During V, Sterne GD
Journal: J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg

PubmedMultiple ovarian cysts in a young girl with severe hypothyroidism.
Authors:  Panico A, Lupoli GA, Fonderico F, Colarusso S, Marciello F, Poggiano MR, Del Prete M, Magliulo R, Iervolino P, Lupoli G
Journal: Thyroid

PubmedClinical implications of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar spectrum disorders: recent developments and current perspectives.
Authors:  Byerly M, Suppes T, Tran QV, Baker RA
Journal: J Clin Psychopharmacol

PubmedRisperidone-induced polydipsia and polyphagia associated with galactorrhea, abdominal pain, and rapid weight gain in an adolescent Hispanic female.
Authors:  Afzal KI, Briones DF, DeVargas C
Journal: CNS Spectr

PubmedClinical predictors of advanced sellar masses.
Authors:  Rambaldini GM, Butalia S, Ezzat S, Kucharczyk W, Sawka AM
Journal: Endocr Pract

PubmedA 37-year-old married woman with 3-month history of galactorrhoea and irregular menstrual cycle. Diagnosis: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1), also known as Wermer's syndrome.
Authors:  Das CJ, Debnath J, Javan NG, Baruah MP
Journal: Ann Saudi Med

PubmedEvolution of a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma into a fatal carcinoma: a case report.
Authors:  Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Tafaro E, De Tommasi A, De Tommasi C, Luzzi S, Sabbŕ C, Resta F, Terreni MR, Losa M
Journal: Minerva Endocrinol

PubmedHyperprolactinaemia.
Authors:  Prabhakar VK, Davis JR
Journal: Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol

PubmedHyperprolactinaemia in a patient with cystic fibrosis.
Authors:  Edwards L
Journal: Br J Hosp Med (Lond)

PubmedAcute myeloid leukaemia presenting as galactorrhoea.
Authors:  Muslahi MA, Ross DM
Journal: Int J Lab Hematol

PubmedResponse to "clinical problem-solving" case diagnosis of pregnancy-induced galactorrhea.
Authors:  Dyess E
Journal: J Miss State Med Assoc

PubmedPituitary tumors: diagnosis, management, and implications for reproduction.
Authors:  Beshay VE, Beshay JE, Halvorson LM
Journal: Semin Reprod Med

PubmedLong-term management of prolactinomas.
Authors:  Schlechte JA
Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab

PubmedLow dose quetiapine induced galactorrhoea: a case report.
Authors:  Gupta M
Journal: Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health

PubmedShort-term prolactin administration causes expressible galactorrhea but does not affect bone turnover: pilot data for a new lactation agent.
Authors:  Page-Wilson G, Smith PC, Welt CK
Journal: Int Breastfeed J

PubmedWITHDRAWN: Bromocriptine for unexplained subfertility in women.
Authors:  Hughes E, Collins J, Vandekerckhove P
Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev

PubmedHyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea induced by serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting antidepressants.
Authors:  Ashton AK, Longdon MC
Journal: Am J Psychiatry

PubmedClinical and laboratory features greatly overlap in patients with macroprolactinemia or monomeric hyperprolactinemia.
Authors:  Vilar L, Naves LA, Freitas MC, Lima M, Canadas V, Albuquerque JL, Lyra R, Azevedo MF, Casulari LA
Journal: Minerva Endocrinol

Pubmed[Irregular secretion of prolactin in infertile women with normoprolactinemic galactorrhea]
Authors:  Villanueva Díaz CA, Echavarria Sánchez M, Juárez Bengoa A
Journal: Ginecol Obstet Mex

PubmedIntrasellar symptomatic salivary gland rest.
Authors:  Chen CH, Hsu SS, Lai PH, Lo YS
Journal: J Chin Med Assoc

PubmedZiprasidone-associated galactorrhea in an adolescent female.
Authors:  Saldańa SN, Delgado SV
Journal: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol

PubmedDiagnostic value of ductoscopy in the diagnosis of nipple discharge and intraductal proliferations in comparison to standard methods.
Authors:  Grunwald S, Heyer H, Paepke S, Schwesinger G, Schimming A, Hahn M, Thomas A, Jacobs VR, Ohlinger R
Journal: Onkologie

Pubmed[Prevalence of macroprolactinemia among 115 patients with hyperprolactinemia]
Authors:  Vilar L, Moura E, Canadas V, Gusmăo A, Campos R, Leal E, Teixeira L, Santos V, Gomes B, Lima M, Paiva R, Albuquerque JL, Egito CS, Botelho CA, Azevedo M, Casulari LA, Naves LA
Journal: Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol

PubmedGrowth hormone excess with onset in adolescence: clinical appearance and long-term treatment outcome.
Authors:  Colao A, Pivonello R, Di Somma C, Tauchmanovŕ L, Savastano S, Lombardi G
Journal: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)

PubmedIsolated intrasellar tuberculoma mimicking pituitary adenoma.
Authors:  Yilmazlar S, Bekar A, Taskapilioglu O, Tolunay S
Journal: J Clin Neurosci

Pubmed[Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of treatment of hyperprolactinemia]
Authors:  Tokhunts KA
Journal: Georgian Med News

PubmedConcurrent lymphocytic hypophysitis and pituitary adenoma. Case report and review of the literature.
Authors:  Moskowitz SI, Hamrahian A, Prayson RA, Pineyro M, Lorenz RR, Weil RJ
Journal: J Neurosurg

PubmedLow-dose risperidone augmentation of antidepressants or anxiolytics is associated with hyperprolactinemia.
Authors:  Kopecek M, Bares M, Horacek J, Mohr P
Journal: Neuro Endocrinol Lett

PubmedCushing's disease arising from a clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.
Authors:  Salgado LR, Machado MC, Cukiert A, Liberman B, Kanamura CT, Alves VA
Journal: Endocr Pathol

PubmedMenstrual disturbance and galactorrhea in people taking conventional antipsychotic medications.
Authors:  Thangavelu K, Geetanjali S
Journal: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol

Pubmed[Endocrine side effects among psychiatric patients treated with antipsychotics]
Authors:  Kovács L, Kovács G
Journal: Neuropsychopharmacol Hung

PubmedGalactorrhea in a 14-year-old girl.
Authors:  Panamonta O, Pakawut N
Journal: J Med Assoc Thai

Pubmed[Reproductive dysfunctions in female patients during therapy with atypical antipsychotics]
Authors:  Gorobets LN, Ermolaeva LG, Litvinov AV
Journal: Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova

PubmedDomperidone toxicity in an infant on maintenance haemodialysis.
Authors:  De S, Taylor CM
Journal: Pediatr Nephrol

Pubmed[Galactorrhoea and the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]
Authors:  Wessels-van Middendorp AM, Timmerman L
Journal: Tijdschr Psychiatr

PubmedA young female with galactorrhoea and sudden onset chest pain.
Authors:  Das CJ, Sharma R, Seith A, Baruah MP
Journal: Br J Radiol

Pubmed[Galactorrhea]
Authors:  Sengoku K
Journal: Nippon Rinsho

Pubmed[Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome]
Authors:  Sugino N
Journal: Nippon Rinsho

Pubmed[Forbes-Albright syndrome (prolactinoma)]
Authors:  Inoue T
Journal: Nippon Rinsho

Pubmed[Chiari-Frommel syndrome]
Authors:  Iura T, Makinoda S, Neyatani N
Journal: Nippon Rinsho

Pubmed[Argonz-del Castillo's syndrome]
Authors:  Ishibashi M
Journal: Nippon Rinsho

PubmedAtypical antipsychotics and pituitary tumors: a pharmacovigilance study.
Authors:  Szarfman A, Tonning JM, Levine JG, Doraiswamy PM
Journal: Pharmacotherapy

PubmedBreast disorders in children and adolescents.
Authors:  Greydanus DE, Matytsina L, Gains M
Journal: Prim Care

PubmedDevelopment of a macroprolactinoma in association with hormone replacement therapy in a perimenopausal woman with presumed idiopathic hyperprolactinemia.
Authors:  Orrego JJ, Bair J
Journal: Endocr Pract

PubmedIncidence of galactorrhea in young women using Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate.
Authors:  Omar HA, Zakharia RM, Kanungo S, Huff M, McClanahan K
Journal: ScientificWorldJournal

PubmedGalactorrhoea may be associated with methadone use.
Authors:  Bennett J, Whale R
Journal: BMJ

PubmedMammography screening rates decline: a person-time approach to evaluation.
Authors:  Feldstein AC, Vogt TM, Aickin M, Hu WR
Journal: Prev Med

Pubmed[Atypical antipsychotics and sexual dysfunction: five case-reports associated with risperidone]
Authors:  Haefliger T, Bonsack C
Journal: Encephale

PubmedRisperidone-induced symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia in adolescents.
Authors:  Holzer L, Eap CB
Journal: J Clin Psychopharmacol

PubmedA case of a prolactinoma resistant to dopamine agonists.
Authors:  Vourliotaki I, Bonapart IE, Stamataki C, Tsapakis EM, Saridaki C
Journal: Hormones (Athens)

PubmedAtenolol-induced breast pain in a woman with hypertension.
Authors:  Kelleher JA
Journal: Ann Pharmacother

PubmedHigh prolactin levels as a worsening factor for migraine.
Authors:  Cavestro C, Rosatello A, Marino MP, Micca G, Asteggiano G
Journal: J Headache Pain

PubmedPituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism.
Authors:  Khawaja NM, Taher BM, Barham ME, Naser AA, Hadidy AM, Ahmad AT, Hamamy HA, Yaghi NA, Ajlouni KM
Journal: Endocr Pract

PubmedImprovement in hyperprolactinemia and reproductive comorbidities in patients with schizophrenia switched from conventional antipsychotics or risperidone to olanzapine.
Authors:  Kinon BJ, Ahl J, Liu-Seifert H, Maguire GA
Journal: Psychoneuroendocrinology

PubmedTardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia is associated with prolactin-related sexual disturbances.
Authors:  Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, van Os J,  
Journal: Neuropsychopharmacology

PubmedThe relationship between prolactin response and clinical efficacy of risperidone in acute psychotic inpatients.
Authors:  Lee BH, Kim YK
Journal: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry

PubmedLactation, galactorrhea, and timing of reduction mammaplasty.
Authors:  Gundeslioglu O, Altundag O, Altundag K, Bilen BT, Borman H
Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg

PubmedHyperprolactinaemia and the regular menstrual cycle in asymptomatic women: should it be treated during therapy for infertility?
Authors:  Nawroth F
Journal: Reprod Biomed Online

Pubmed[Pituitary tuberculosis: a case report]
Authors:  Trabelsi L, Majdoub-Rekik N, Bouaziz H, Mnif-Feki M, Hammemi B, Maaloul I, Ben Jmaa M, Abid M
Journal: Ann Endocrinol (Paris)

PubmedHuman macroprolactin displays low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay.
Authors:  Glezer A, Soares CR, Vieira JG, Giannella-Neto D, Ribela MT, Goffin V, Bronstein MD
Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab

PubmedGalactorrhea-a strong clinical clue towards the diagnosis of neurotransmitter disease.
Authors:  Yeung WL, Lam CW, Hui J, Tong SF, Wu SP
Journal: Brain Dev

Pubmed[Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with pituitary disease]
Authors:  de Luis DA, Reina C
Journal: An Med Interna

PubmedGalactorrhea during treatment with trimipramine. A case report.
Authors:  Wolfsperger M, Greil W
Journal: Pharmacopsychiatry

PubmedGalactorrhea after conservative surgery for breast cancer.
Authors:  Tjalma WA
Journal: Breast J

PubmedA male infant with gynecomastia-galactorrhea.
Authors:  Devidayal
Journal: J Pediatr

PubmedCurrent treatment issues in female hyperprolactinaemia.
Authors:  Crosignani PG
Journal: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol

PubmedMacroprolactinemia: clinical significance and characterization of the condition.
Authors:  Theunissen C, De Schepper J, Schiettecatte J, Verdood P, Hooghe-Peeters EL, Velkeniers B
Journal: Acta Clin Belg

PubmedAcupuncture-induced galactorrhoea--a case report.
Authors:  Campbell A, Macglashan J
Journal: Acupunct Med

PubmedGalactorrhea with aripiprazole.
Authors:  Ruffatti A, Minervini L, Romano M, Sonino N
Journal: Psychother Psychosom

Pubmed[Verapamil-induced hyperprolactinemia--a case report]
Authors:  Krysiak R, Okopieh B, Herman ZS
Journal: Pol Arch Med Wewn

PubmedA randomized double-blind 12-week study of quetiapine, risperidone or fluphenazine on sexual functioning in people with schizophrenia.
Authors:  Kelly DL, Conley RR
Journal: Psychoneuroendocrinology

PubmedVaginal bleeding and galactorrhea in a child with ovarian steroid cell tumor.
Authors:  Ashraf A, Abdul-Latif H, Hardin W, Kelly DB
Journal: Endocr Pract

PubmedHyperprolactinaemia in 271 women: up to three decades of clinical follow-up.
Authors:  Berinder K, Stackenäs I, Akre O, Hirschberg AL, Hulting AL
Journal: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)

PubmedMedication-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Authors:  Molitch ME
Journal: Mayo Clin Proc

PubmedPituitary adenomas in childhood.
Authors:  Singh SK, Aggarwal R
Journal: Indian J Pediatr

PubmedBenign breast disorders.
Authors:  Santen RJ, Mansel R
Journal: N Engl J Med

Pubmed[When and how should hyperprolactinemia be treated?]
Authors:  Bachelot A, Courtillot C, Touraine P
Journal: Presse Med

PubmedRapid re-enlargement of a macroprolactinoma after initial shrinkage in a young woman treated with bromocriptine.
Authors:  Adler I, Barsi P, Czirják S, Varga I, Gergics P, Jakab C, Rácz K
Journal: Gynecol Endocrinol

PubmedPituitary imaging is indicated for the evaluation of hyperprolactinemia.
Authors:  Bayrak A, Saadat P, Mor E, Chong L, Paulson RJ, Sokol RZ
Journal: Fertil Steril

PubmedLong-term adverse effects of novel antipsychotics.
Authors:  Masand PS, Gupta S
Journal: J Psychiatr Pract

PubmedClinical and etiological profile of hyperprolactinemia--data from a tertiary care centre.
Authors:  Zargar AH, Laway BA, Masoodi SR, Bhat MH, Wani AI, Bashir MI, Salahuddin M, Rasool R
Journal: J Assoc Physicians India

PubmedHyperprolactinemia and schizophrenia: mechanisms and clinical aspects.
Authors:  Halbreich U, Kahn LS
Journal: J Psychiatr Pract

Pubmed[Lipoma of the skull base. A case report]
Authors:  Nouira K, Hila H, Mekni A, Azaďz M, Sahtout S, Menif E, Slim R
Journal: Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac

PubmedDifferences in prolactin elevation and related symptoms of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients.
Authors:  Melkersson K
Journal: J Clin Psychiatry

Pubmed[Clinical pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of mixed growth hormone-and prolactin cell adenoma]
Authors:  Wang MD, Ma WB, Guo M, Shi YF, Wang H, Wang RZ, Yang D, Fang C
Journal: Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao

PubmedAn uncommon complication of secondary augmentation mammoplasty: bilaterally massive engorgement of breasts after pregnancy attributable to postinfection and blockage of mammary ducts.
Authors:  Acartürk S, Gencel E, Tuncer I
Journal: Aesthetic Plast Surg





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