Home  | gadiformes - Medical Dictionary | Send this page | Navigation Map


A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z


Search Beginning of word Full word and in description
gadiformes An order of fish including the families Gadidae (cods), Macrouridae (grenadiers), and hakes. The large Gadidae family includes cod, haddock, whiting, and pollock.


[ Books | Images | Discussion groups ]

Additional comments :
(Gadidae, Hakes)

Articles

PubmedA new genus Gadimyxa with three new species (Myxozoa, Parvicapsulidae) parasitic in marine fish (Gadidae) and the two-host life cycle of Gadimyxa atlantica n. sp.
Authors:  Křie M, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A
Journal: J Parasitol

PubmedArsenic-containing long-chain fatty acids in cod-liver oil: a result of biosynthetic infidelity?
Authors:  Rumpler A, Edmonds JS, Katsu M, Jensen KB, Goessler W, Raber G, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Francesconi KA
Journal: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl

PubmedScaling laws of marine predator search behaviour.
Authors:  Sims DW, Southall EJ, Humphries NE, Hays GC, Bradshaw CJ, Pitchford JW, James A, Ahmed MZ, Brierley AS, Hindell MA, Morritt D, Musyl MK, Righton D, Shepard EL, Wearmouth VJ, Wilson RP, Witt MJ, Metcalfe JD
Journal: Nature

PubmedIdentification and characterisation of novel SNP markers in Atlantic cod: evidence for directional selection.
Authors:  Moen T, Hayes B, Nilsen F, Delghandi M, Fjalestad KT, Fevolden SE, Berg PR, Lien S
Journal: BMC Genet

PubmedComputer vision-based evaluation of pre- and postrigor changes in size and shape of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets during rigor mortis and ice storage: effects of perimortem handling stress.
Authors:  Misimi E, Erikson U, Digre H, Skavhaug A, Mathiassen JR
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedTowards resolving familial relationships within the Gadiformes, and the resurrection of the Lyconidae.
Authors:  von der Heyden S, Matthee CA
Journal: Mol Phylogenet Evol

PubmedEncapsulation of acanthocephalans Corynosoma sp. in two reservoir host species.
Authors:  Nikishin VP, Skorobrekhova EM
Journal: Dokl Biol Sci

PubmedSolid-phase analytical derivatization of alkylphenols in fish bile for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Authors:  Jonsson G, Cavcic A, Stokke TU, Beyer J, Sundt RC, Brede C
Journal: J Chromatogr A

PubmedRapid evolution of the intergenic T-P spacer in the mtDNA of arctic cod Arctogadus glacialis.
Authors:  Pálsson S, Paulsen J, Arnason E
Journal: Mar Biotechnol (NY)

PubmedCombined application of modified atmosphere packaging and superchilled storage to extend the shelf life of fresh cod (Gadus morhua) loins.
Authors:  Wang T, Sveinsdóttir K, Magnússon H, Martinsdóttir E
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedClinical vibriosis in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Ireland.
Authors:  Rodger HD, Colquhoun DJ
Journal: Vet Rec

PubmedComparison of chloroform-methanol-extracted and solvent-free triglyceride determinations in four fish species.
Authors:  Bennett PM, Weber LP, Janz DM
Journal: J Aquat Anim Health

PubmedElectrostatic interactions play an essential role in DNA repair and cold-adaptation of uracil DNA glycosylase.
Authors:  Olufsen M, Smalĺs AO, Brandsdal BO
Journal: J Mol Model

PubmedIdentification, characterization and deduced amino acid sequence of the dominant protease from Kudoa paniformis and K. thyrsites: a unique cytoplasmic cysteine protease.
Authors:  Funk VA, Olafson RW, Raap M, Smith D, Aitken L, Haddow JD, Wang D, Dawson-Coates JA, Burke RD, Miller KM
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

PubmedNew clade of betanodaviruses detected in wild and farmed cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway.
Authors:  Nylund A, Karlsbakk E, Nylund S, Isaksen TE, Karlsen M, Korsnes K, Handeland S, Martinsen R, Mork Pedersen T, Ottem KF
Journal: Arch Virol

PubmedInvestigations into inhibitor type and mode, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and cell transport of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides in Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) fillet hydrolysate.
Authors:  Cinq-Mars CD, Hu C, Kitts DD, Li-Chan EC
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedMicroflora assessments using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of ozone-treated and modified-atmosphere-packaged farmed cod fillets.
Authors:  Hovda MB, Sivertsvik M, Lunestad BT, Rosnes JT
Journal: J Food Prot

PubmedQuality changes during refrigerated storage of MA-packaged pre-rigor fillets of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) using traditional MAP, CO2 emitter, and vacuum.
Authors:  Hansen AA, Mřrkřre T, Rudi K, Olsen E, Eie T
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedImpact of fish intake on oxidative stress when included into a moderate energy-restricted program to treat obesity.
Authors:  Parra D, Bandarra NM, Kiely M, Thorsdottir I, Martínez JA
Journal: Eur J Nutr

PubmedSteroid secretion following exposure of ovarian follicular cells to three different natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Authors:  Gregoraszczuk EL, Milczarek K, Wójtowicz AK, Berg V, Skaare JU, Ropstad E
Journal: Reprod Toxicol

PubmedIce-age survival of Atlantic cod: agreement between palaeoecology models and genetics.
Authors:  Bigg GR, Cunningham CW, Ottersen G, Pogson GH, Wadley MR, Williamson P
Journal: Proc Biol Sci

PubmedIron-binding properties, amino acid composition, and structure of muscle tissue peptides from in vitro digestion of different meat sources.
Authors:  Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann S, Storcksdieck S, Bonsmann G, Hurrell RF
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedDetection of nematodes in cod (Gadus morhua) fillets by imaging spectroscopy.
Authors:  Heia K, Sivertsen AH, Stormo SK, Elvevoll E, Wold JP, Nilsen H
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedEvaluation of various infused cryoprotective ingredients for their freeze-thaw stabilizing and texture improving properties in frozen red hake muscle.
Authors:  Bigelow W, Lee CM
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedExtraction of sardine myoglobin and its effect on gelation properties of Pacific whiting surimi.
Authors:  Park JD, Park JW
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedCharacterization of protein fractions from immature Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) roe.
Authors:  Bechtel PJ, Chantarachoti J, Oliveira AC, Sathivel S
Journal: J Food Sci

PubmedCod and God: Dr Wilfred Grenfell in Newfoundland.
Authors:  Short C
Journal: J R Coll Physicians Edinb

PubmedOligopeptide transporter PepT1 in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): cloning, tissue expression and comparative aspects.
Authors:  Rřnnestad I, Gavaia PJ, Viegas CS, Verri T, Romano A, Nilsen TO, Jordal AE, Kamisaka Y, Cancela ML
Journal: J Exp Biol

PubmedQuantitative sandwich ELISA for the determination of fish in foods.
Authors:  Faeste CK, Plassen C
Journal: J Immunol Methods

PubmedNodavirus in farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in Norway.
Authors:  Patel S, Korsnes K, Bergh Ř, Vik-Mo F, Pedersen J, Nerland AH
Journal: Dis Aquat Organ

PubmedEffect of low pH on the susceptibility of isolated cod (Gadus morhua) microsomes to lipid oxidation.
Authors:  Vareltzis P, Hultin HO
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedHeavy metals in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) from the Aleutians: location, age, size, and risk.
Authors:  Burger J, Gochfeld M, Shukla T, Jeitner C, Burke S, Donio M, Shukla S, Snigaroff R, Snigaroff D, Stamm T, Volz C
Journal: J Toxicol Environ Health A

PubmedOrganochlorine contamination (PCBs and DDTs) in deep-sea fish from the Mediterranean sea.
Authors:  Storelli MM, Perrone VG, Marcotrigiano GO
Journal: Mar Pollut Bull

PubmedHigh-sensitivity analysis of specific peptides in complex samples by selected MS/MS ion monitoring and linear ion trap mass spectrometry: application to biological studies.
Authors:  Jorge I, Casas EM, Villar M, Ortega-Pérez I, López-Ferrer D, Martínez-Ruiz A, Carrera M, Marina A, Martínez P, Serrano H, Cańas B, Were F, Gallardo JM, Lamas S, Redondo JM, García-Dorado D, Vázquez J
Journal: J Mass Spectrom

PubmedStudies on uptake and intracellular processing of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus by Atlantic cod scavenger endothelial cells.
Authors:  Martin-Armas M, Sommer AI, Smedsrřd B
Journal: J Fish Dis

PubmedPhenotypic, serological and genetic characterization of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica strains isolated from cod, Gadus morhua L., in northern Europe.
Authors:  Balboa S, Ferguson HW, Romalde JL
Journal: J Fish Dis

PubmedAn examination of the metabolic processes underpinning critical swimming in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) using in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
Authors:  Lurman GJ, Bock CH, Pörtner HO
Journal: J Exp Biol

PubmedAntioxidative properties of press juice from herring (Clupea harengus) against hemoglobin (Hb) mediated oxidation of washed cod mince.
Authors:  Sannaveerappa T, Carlsson NG, Sandberg AS, Undeland I
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedOptimizing angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) fillet hydrolysate using response surface methodology and ultrafiltration.
Authors:  Cinq-Mars CD, Li-Chan EC
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedHemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation and compositional characteristics of washed fish mince model systems made from cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus), and salmon (Salmo salar) muscle.
Authors:  Larsson K, Almgren A, Undeland I
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

Pubmed20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and CYP19A1 are differentially expressed during maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Mittelholzer C, Andersson E, Consten D, Hirai T, Nagahama Y, Norberg B
Journal: J Mol Endocrinol

PubmedMolecular characterisation and expression of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) myoglobin from two populations held at two different acclimation temperatures.
Authors:  Lurman GJ, Koschnick N, Pörtner HO, Lucassen M
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol

PubmedOscillating trophic control induces community reorganization in a marine ecosystem.
Authors:  Litzow MA, Ciannelli L
Journal: Ecol Lett

PubmedSpermatogenesis in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): a novel model of cystic germ cell development.
Authors:  Almeida FF, Kristoffersen C, Taranger GL, Schulz RW
Journal: Biol Reprod

PubmedCharacterisation and expression analysis of the interleukin genes, IL-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10, in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Authors:  Seppola M, Larsen AN, Steiro K, Robertsen B, Jensen I
Journal: Mol Immunol

PubmedIn vivo red blood cell sickling and mechanism of recovery in whiting, Merlangius merlangus.
Authors:  Koldkjaer P, Berenbrink M
Journal: J Exp Biol

PubmedFrancisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis subsp. nov., isolated from farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Authors:  Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Tengs T, Colquhoun DJ
Journal: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol

PubmedMechanisms responsible for the enhanced pumping capacity of the in situ winter flounder heart (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).
Authors:  Mendonça PC, Genge AG, Deitch EJ, Gamperl AK
Journal: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol

PubmedQuantification of total viable bacteria on fish fillets by using ethidium bromide monoazide real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Authors:  Lee JL, Levin RE
Journal: Int J Food Microbiol

PubmedEffects of 17alpha-methyltestosterone exposure on steroidogenesis and cyclin-B mRNA expression in previtellogenic oocytes of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Kortner TM, Arukwe A
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol

PubmedPolyfluorinated chemicals in a spatially and temporally integrated food web in the Western Arctic.
Authors:  Powley CR, George SW, Russell MH, Hoke RA, Buck RC
Journal: Chemosphere

PubmedCharacterization of the bacterial community associated with the surface and mucus layer of whiting (Merlangius merlangus).
Authors:  Smith CJ, Danilowicz BS, Meijer WG
Journal: FEMS Microbiol Ecol

PubmedDietary cod protein improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant men and women: a randomized controlled trial.
Authors:  Ouellet V, Marois J, Weisnagel SJ, Jacques H
Journal: Diabetes Care

PubmedHepatic metallothionein and total oxyradical scavenging capacity in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua caged in open sea contamination gradients.
Authors:  Chesman BS, O'hara S, Burt GR, Langston WJ
Journal: Aquat Toxicol

PubmedA rapid methodology for screening hake species (Merluccius spp.) by single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis.
Authors:  Chapela MJ, Sánchez A, Suárez MI, Pérez-Martín RI, Sotelo CG
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedEffect of chitosan and chitin on the separation of membranes from proteins solubilized by pH shifts using cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Liang Y, Hultin HO, Kim SK
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedNew species in the genus Francisella (Gammaproteobacteria; Francisellaceae); Francisella piscicida sp. nov. isolated from cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karlsbakk E, Friis-Mřller A, Krossřy B, Knappskog D
Journal: Arch Microbiol

PubmedInfectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in experimentally challenged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Grove S, Hjortaas MJ, Reitan LJ, Dannevig BH
Journal: Arch Virol

PubmedSea change.
Authors:  Williams N
Journal: Curr Biol

PubmedRisk to consumers from mercury in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) from the Aleutians: fish age and size effects.
Authors:  Burger J, Gochfeld M
Journal: Environ Res

PubmedAccumulation and elimination of methylmercury in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) following dietary exposure.
Authors:  Amlund H, Lundebye AK, Berntssen MH
Journal: Aquat Toxicol

PubmedEffects of medetomidine on hepatic EROD activity in three species of fish.
Authors:  Lennquist A, Celander MC, Förlin L
Journal: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

PubmedEffects of oxidized dietary oil and vitamin E supplementation on lipid profile and oxidation of muscle and liver of juvenile atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Zhong Y, Lall SP, Shahidi F
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedEffect of environmental change on parasites of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as bioindicators of populations in the north-western Atlantic Ocean.
Authors:  Khan RA
Journal: J Helminthol

PubmedElectrophysiological properties of pituitary cells in primary culture from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Haug TM, Hodne K, Weltzien FA, Sand O
Journal: Neuroendocrinology

PubmedEffects of fish meal replacement with full-fat soy meal on growth and tissue fatty acid composition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Karalazos V, Treasurer J, Cutts CJ, Alderson R, Galloway TF, Albrektsen S, Arnason J, MacDonald N, Pike I, Bell JG
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedSpecific endocytosis and degradation of naked DNA in the endocardial cells of cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Authors:  Seternes T, Tonheim TC, Lřvoll M, Břgwald J, Dalmo RA
Journal: J Exp Biol

PubmedEffects of CpG-oligonucleotides, poly I:C and LPS on Atlantic cod scavenger endothelial cells (SEC).
Authors:  Martin-Armas M, Zykova S, Smedsrřd B
Journal: Dev Comp Immunol

PubmedVaccination experiments in the gadoid haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum.
Authors:  Corripio-Miyar Y, Mazorra de Quero C, Treasurer JW, Ford L, Smith PD, Secombes CJ
Journal: Vet Immunol Immunopathol

PubmedA mitogenomic approach to the taxonomy of pollocks: Theragra chalcogramma and T. finnmarchica represent one single species.
Authors:  Ursvik A, Breines R, Christiansen JS, Fevolden SE, Coucheron DH, Johansen SD
Journal: BMC Evol Biol

PubmedInhibition of hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of regular and lipid-fortified washed cod mince by a white grape dietary fiber.
Authors:  Sanchez-Alonso I, Borderías J, Larsson K, Undeland I
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedSpatial anatomy of species survival: effects of predation and climate-driven environmental variability.
Authors:  Ciannelli L, Dingsřr GE, Bogstad B, Ottersen G, Chan KS, Gjřsaeter H, Stiansen JE, Stenseth NC
Journal: Ecology

PubmedgyrA and parC Mutations and associated quinolone resistance in Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2b strains isolated from farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway.
Authors:  Colquhoun DJ, Aarflot L, Melvold CF
Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother

PubmedAtypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in naturally- and laboratory-challenged farmed haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.).
Authors:  Treasurer JW, Birkbeck TH, Laidler LA, Cox DI
Journal: J Fish Dis

PubmedPurification and characterization of two pepsins from the stomach of pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis).
Authors:  Klomklao S, Kishimura H, Yabe M, Benjakul S
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

PubmedGenetic variation in life-history reaction norms in a marine fish.
Authors:  Hutchings JA, Swain DP, Rowe S, Eddington JD, Puvanendran V, Brown JA
Journal: Proc Biol Sci

PubmedFish protein hydrolysis by a psychrotrophic marine bacterium isolated from the gut of hake (Merluccius hubbsi).
Authors:  Belchior SG, Vacca G
Journal: Can J Microbiol

PubmedCharacterisation of the bacterial flora of modified atmosphere packaged farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) by PCR-DGGE of conserved 16S rRNA gene regions.
Authors:  Hovda MB, Lunestad BT, Sivertsvik M, Rosnes JT
Journal: Int J Food Microbiol

PubmedAnisakis simplex: analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of third-stage larva.
Authors:  Yu HS, Park SK, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Choi SH, Ock MS, Jeong HJ
Journal: Exp Parasitol

PubmedEvaluation of occasional nonresponse of a washed cod mince model to hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated oxidation.
Authors:  Sannaveerappa T, Sandberg AS, Undeland I
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedPrey selection, vertical migrations and the impacts of harvesting upon the population dynamics of a predator-prey system.
Authors:  Edwards HJ, Dytham C, Pitchford JW, Righton D
Journal: Bull Math Biol

PubmedmRNA expression patterns of the BPI/LBP molecule in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Authors:  Solstad T, Stenvik J, Jřrgensen TŘ
Journal: Fish Shellfish Immunol

PubmedMolecular characterization of prepro-orexin in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): cloning, localization, developmental profile and role in food intake regulation.
Authors:  Xu M, Volkoff H
Journal: Mol Cell Endocrinol

PubmedNew haemoglobin genotypes in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: possible relation with growth.
Authors:  Imsland AK, Foss A, Naevdal G, Johansen T, Stefansson SO, Jonassen TM
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol

PubmedCathepsin D from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) liver. Isolation and comparative studies.
Authors:  Wang PA, Stenvik J, Larsen R, Maehre H, Olsen RL
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

PubmedPolymerase Chain Reaction assay for the detection of Kudoa paniformis and Kudoa thyrsites in Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus).
Authors:  Meng GT, Li-Chan EC
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedFish species identification in surimi-based products.
Authors:  Pepe T, Trotta M, Di Marco I, Anastasio A, Bautista JM, Cortesi ML
Journal: J Agric Food Chem

PubmedLutefisk as a tooth whitener.
Authors:  Lueth JE
Journal: Northwest Dent

PubmedPersistent effects of incubation temperature on muscle development in larval haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.).
Authors:  Martell DJ, Kieffer JD
Journal: J Exp Biol

PubmedPhylogenetic diversity and cosymbiosis in the bioluminescent symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis".
Authors:  Kaeding AJ, Ast JC, Pearce MM, Urbanczyk H, Kimura S, Endo H, Nakamura M, Dunlap PV
Journal: Appl Environ Microbiol

PubmedBioenergetics and growth of young-of the-year northern pike (Esox lucius) and burbot (Lota lota) exposed to metal mining effluent.
Authors:  Bennett PM, Janz DM
Journal: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

PubmedThe gene structure and expression of the non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein (NCCRP-1) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Authors:  Seppola M, Robertsen B, Jensen I
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

PubmedVaccination against atypical furunculosis and winter ulcer disease of fish.
Authors:  Gudmundsdóttir BK, Björnsdóttir B
Journal: Vaccine

PubmedEffects of alkylphenols on glycerophospholipids and cholesterol in liver and brain from female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Authors:  Meier S, Andersen TC, Lind-Larsen K, Svardal A, Holmsen H
Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol

PubmedEffects of acoustic alarms, designed to reduce small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries, on the behaviour of North Sea fish species in a large tank.
Authors:  Kastelein RA, van der Heul S, van der Veen J, Verboom WC, Jennings N, de Haan D, Reijnders PJ
Journal: Mar Environ Res

Pubmed[Report of nematodes of the Anisakidae family in codfish commercialized in Ribeirăo Preto, SP]
Authors:  de Paula Toledo Prado S, Capuano DM
Journal: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop

PubmedMicrobial and sensory changes during refrigerated storage of desalted cod (Gadus morhua) preserved by combined methods.
Authors:  Fernández-Segovia I, Escriche I, Fuentes A, Serra JA
Journal: Int J Food Microbiol

PubmedCaligus elongatus Nordmann genotypes on wild and farmed fish.
Authors:  Řines Ř, Heuch PA
Journal: J Fish Dis

PubmedPhylogeny of spironucleus (eopharyngia: diplomonadida: hexamitinae).
Authors:  Jřrgensen A, Sterud E
Journal: Protist





Back


  Translate a Phrase or Word
  
  from

Adapted MeSH Browser © Dentalarticles.com | Disclaimer